Parásitos en un venado de cola blanca silvestre en Cajamarca, Perú

En el presente estudio se informa sobre los parásitos encontrados en un venado de cola blanca, Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus, capturado en el bosque seco del distrito de Paccha, provincia de Chota, departamento de Cajamarca. El Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre recuperó los parásitos de un espécimen macho adulto y las remitió al Centro de Investigación en Medicina Tropical de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca para la identificación taxonómica de helmintos y artrópodos, y análisis coproparasitológico. Se identificaron dos metacéstodos correspondientes a Cysticercus tenuicollis. En los análisis coproparasitológicos cualitativos se hallaron huevos de Nematodirus spp. en una carga de 10 por gramo de heces (h.p.g.) y 40 h.p.g. tipo Strongílidos que no pudieron diferenciarse por la baja carga en el coprocultivo. No se detectaron huevos de trematodos en la sedimentación. De ectoparásitos, se identificaron ocho garrapatas duras Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus y cinco piojos chupadores Solenopotes binipilosus. Varios de los ejemplares fueron depositados en el Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. Los hallazgos representan el primer reporte formal de la garrapata común del ganado en esta subespecie de cérvido. Además, se registra por primera vez la presencia del piojo Solenopotes binipilosus en territorio peruano.

In the present study, findings regarding parasites discovered in a white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus, captured in the dry forest of the Paccha district, Chota province, Cajamarca department, are reported. The Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre recovered parasites from an adult male specimen and forwarded them to the Tropical Medicine Research Center at the Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca for taxonomic identification of helminths and arthropods, as well as coproparasitological analysis. Two metacestodes corresponding to Cysticercus tenuicollis were identified. Qualitative coproparasitological analyses revealed Nematodirus spp. eggs at a concentration of 10 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and 40 EPG of Strongylid type that could not be differentiated due to low counts in the coproculture. No trematode eggs were detected in the sedimentation. Among ectoparasites, eight hard ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and five sucking lice Solenopotes binipilosus were identified. Several specimens were deposited in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. These findings represent the first formal report of the common cattle tick in this subspecies of cervid. Additionally, the presence of the Solenopotes binipilosus louse in Peruvian territory is reported for the first time.

Development of novel DNA marker for species discrimination of Fasciola flukes based on the fatty acid binding protein type I gene.

BACKGROUND: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for nuclear phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and polymerase delta (pold), respectively, have been used to differentiate Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and hybrid Fasciola flukes. However, discrimination errors have been reported in both methods. This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR based on a novel nuclear marker, the fatty acid binding protein type I (FABP) type I gene. METHODS: Nucleotide sequence variations of FABP type I were analyzed using DNA samples of F. hepatica, F. gigantica, and hybrid Fasciola flukes obtained from 11 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. A common forward primer for F. hepatica and F. gigantica and two specific reverse primers for F. hepatica and F. gigantica were designed for multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Specific fragments of F. hepatica (290 bp) and F. gigantica (190 bp) were successfully amplified using multiplex PCR. However, the hybrid flukes contained fragments of both species. The multiplex PCR for FABP type I could precisely discriminate the 1312 Fasciola samples used in this study. Notably, no discrimination errors were observed with this novel method. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex PCR for FABP type I can be used as a species discrimination marker in place of pepck and pold. The robustness of the species-specific primer should be continuously examined using a larger number of Fasciola flukes worldwide in the future since nucleotide substitutions in the primer regions may cause amplification errors.

Occurrence of paramphistomosis (Trematoda: Digenea) in sheep in northern Peru.

Cajamarca is an important Andean livestock production area located in northern Peru and at the same time endemic in a poorly studied disease known as paramphistomosis. The purpose of this research was to calculate the frequency of paramphistomids in sheep (Ovis aries) slaughtered in the Camal Municipal de Cajamarca, located in the city of Cajamarca. Between the months of February to September 2019, 386 samples of rumen-reticulum were collected that were later classified by age and origin of the animals. Transferred to the laboratory, the stomach contents were emptied; they were examined meticulously and exhaustively in order to find, collect and recognize the parasites adhering to the walls of the compartments. Nineteen samples were positive for Calicophoron microbothrioides in the rumen and none in the reticulum, thus obtaining a frequency of 4.92% in the presentation of paramphistomids in the sampled sheep. According to the origin, the town of Chanta presented a higher frequency with 9.09% and Bambamarca had the lowest frequency with 2.86%. In the age groups, sheep from 2 to 2.5 years old showed a 5.76% presence of paramphistomids and 3.33% of those 4 years old and older were positive. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = -0.25473762) indicates that there is a low and inversely proportional negative relationship between age and frequency. Finally, with the Chi-square test, no significant difference was obtained between the place of origin and the number of positive cases.

The Differences in the Susceptibility Patterns to Triclabendazole Sulfoxide in Field Isolates of Fasciola hepatica Are Associated with Geographic, Seasonal, and Morphometric Variations.

Triclabendazole (TCBZ) resistance is an emerging problem in fascioliasis that is not well understood. Studies including small numbers of parasites fail to capture the complexity of susceptibility variations between and within Fasciolahepatica populations. As the first step to studying the complex resistant phenotype−genotype associations, we characterized a large sample of adult F. hepatica with diverging TCBZ susceptibility. We collected parasites from naturally infected livestock slaughtered in the Cusco and Cajamarca regions of Peru. These parasites were exposed to TCBZ sulfoxide (TCBZ.SO) in vitro to determine their susceptibility. We used a motility score to determine the parasite's viability. We titrated drug concentrations and times to detect 20% non-viable (susceptible conditions) or 80% non-viable (resistant conditions) parasites. We exposed 3348 fully motile parasites to susceptible (n = 1565) or resistant (n = 1783) conditions. Three hundred and forty-one (21.8%) were classified as susceptible and 462 (25.9%) were classified as resistant. More resistant parasites were found in Cusco than in Cajamarca (p < 0.001). Resistant parasites varied by slaughterhouse (p < 0.001), month of the year (p = 0.008), fluke length (p = 0.016), and year of collection (p < 0.001). The in vitro susceptibility to TCBZ.SO in wildtype F. hepatica was associated with geography, season, and morphometry.