Enhanced Stature in the Elderly: The Immediate Impact of Acute Postural Exercises.

This study investigates the immediate effects of acute postural exercises on the stature of seniors, focusing on changes in both upright and supine stature measurements. A within-subject design with repeated measures was applied, involving seniors participating in continuous exercises aimed at enhancing core musculature strength and promoting muscle relaxation. Stature measurements were recorded pre- and post-exercise in both upright and supine positions, alongside assessments of body mass index (BMI) category classifications. The results revealed a post-exercise increase in stature ranging from 0.9 to 6.0 cm and from 0.2 to 7.2 cm in upright and supine positions, respectively, with an average increase of approximately 3.5 cm in both upright and supine positions. Statistically significant and clinically relevant changes were observed (p < 0.05), including a modification of BMI by approximately two units, reclassifying 55% of participants from overweight or obese to normal weight or overweight. Furthermore, the similarity between post-exercise upright stature and pre-exercise supine stature suggested that the supine position might provide a more accurate measure of stature in seniors. Conclusively, acute postural exercises have an immediate positive impact on the stature of seniors, suggesting their potential utility in clinical settings for accurate stature measurement. However, BMI results should be interpreted with caution because they are only related to the acute change in stature and therefore may lead to the misinterpretation of the study findings, so future studies focused on evaluating the chronic effect of postural exercises integration on the health outcomes of older adults are needed to demonstrate their potential utility in clinical settings to improve postural health and general well-being.

Oxidative Damage by 3-nitrotyrosine in Young Adults with Obesity: Its Implication in Chronic and Contagious Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Cellular damage by oxidation occurs in numerous chronic diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver, etc. The oxidized compound 3-nitrotyrosine is a marker of oxidative stress and protein oxidation damage. OBJECTIVE: The article aims to assess whether 3-nitrotyrosine levels are higher in young people with obesity than in the same population without obesity. METHODS: Anthropometry and blood chemistry analyses were performed on 24 young Mexican participants (18-30 years old), categorized into two groups based on their waist circumference: Withobesity (≥ 80 cm women; ≥ 90 cm men) and without-obesity (<80 cm women; <90 cm men). Additionally, 3-nitrotyrosine blood values were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: Except for HDL-cholesterol, the mean values of lipids increased in women and men with obesity (p<0.05), and 3-nitrotyrosine concentration (nM/µg total protein) was higher by 60% in the group with-obesity compared to the group without-obesity, both for women (66.21 ± 23.85 vs. 40.69 ± 16.25, p<0.05) and men (51.72 ± 20.56 vs. 30.52 ± 5.21, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Oxidative damage measured by compound 3-nitrotyrosine was higher in the group with obesity than in the group without obesity, which, if not controlled, could lead to a chronic oxidative condition and thereby to a degree of cellular aging with adverse health effects.

Anthropometric Equations to Determine Maximum Height in Adults ≥ 60 Years: A Systematic Review.

Although it is common to measure bone lengths for study, methodological errors in data measurement and processing often invalidate their clinical and scientific usefulness. This manuscript reviews the validity of several published equations used to determine the maximum height in older adults, since height is an anthropometric parameter widely employed in health sciences. A systematic review of original articles published in the English, Spanish, or Portuguese languages was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Springer Link, and two institutional publisher integrators (UACJ and CONRICYT). The search terms were included in the metasearch engines in a combined way and text form using the Boolean connectors AND and OR {(Determination OR Estimation OR Equation) AND Height AND (Elderly OR "Older adults")}. Eleven manuscripts were selected from 1935 records identified through database searching after applying the following criteria: (1) original articles that designed and validated equations for the determination of height by anthropometric methods in adults 60 years of age and older and (2) manuscripts that presented robust evidence of validation of the proposed regression models. The validity of the reported linear regression models was assessed throughout a manuscript review process called multi-objective optimization that considered the collection of the models, the prediction errors, and the adjustment values (i.e., R2, standard error of estimation, and pure error). A total of 64 equations were designed and validated in 45,449 participants (57.1% women) from four continents: America (85.3%, with 46 equations), Asia (8.1%, with 10), Europe (4.6%, with 7), and Africa (2.0%, with 1); the Hispanic American ethnic group was the most numerous in participants and equations (69.0%, with 28). Due to various omissions and methodological errors, this study did not find any valid and reliable equations to assess the maximum height in older adults by anthropometric methods. It is proposed to adjust allometric mathematical models that can be interpreted in the light of ontogenetic processes.

CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL FUNCTION IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY YOUNG STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) appear decades before developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and association between CMRFs and kidney function in apparently healthy young adults (18-25 years old). METHODS: We included 5531 freshman year students. Data collected on CMRFs included central obesity, high body mass index (hBMI >25), blood pressure, glycemia, lipids, uric acid (UA >6.8 mg/dL), and insulin. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration formula. We used logistic regression and a log linear for odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence level) and probabilities. RESULTS: The presence of any CMRF was observed in 78% (4312) of individuals; GFR ≥120/130 mL/min/1.73 m2sc was found in 33%, GFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2sc in 3%, and proteinuria in 3%. Factors associated with high GFR were hBMI (OR 1.3 [1.14, 1.47]), UA (OR 0.2 [0.15, 0.26]), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.4 [1.2, 1.6]), and insulin resistance (OR 1.3 [1.05, 1.7]). CMRF associated with low GFR was UA (OR 1.8 [1.3, 2.6]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.66 [1.05, 2.6]), and proteinuria (OR 3.4 [2.07, 5.7]). Proteinuria was associated with high UA (OR 1.59 [1.01, 2.5]) and hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.8 [1.03, 3.18]). The sole presence of hBMI+UA predicted low GFR with p = 0.6 and hBMI+UA+low HDL predicted proteinuria with p = 0.55. CONCLUSIONS: CMRFs were highly prevalent among this freshman student population and were associated with proteinuria and GFR abnormalities. Future studies should focus on public health programs to prevent or delay the development of CKD.

Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with renal function in apparently healthy young students: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) appear decades before developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and association between CMRFs and kidney function in apparently healthy young adults (18-25 years old). Methods: We included 5531 freshman year students. Data collected on CMRFs included central obesity, high body mass index (hBMI >25), blood pressure, glycemia, lipids, uric acid (UA >6.8 mg/dL), and insulin. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration formula. We used logistic regression and a log linear for odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence level) and probabilities. Results: The presence of any CMRF was observed in 78% (4312) of individuals; GFR ≥120/130 mL/min/1.73 m2sc was found in 33%, GFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2sc in 3%, and proteinuria in 3%. Factors associated with high GFR were hBMI (OR 1.3 [1.14, 1.47]), UA (OR 0.2 [0.15, 0.26]), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.4 [1.2, 1.6]), and insulin resistance (OR 1.3 [1.05, 1.7]). CMRF associated with low GFR was UA (OR 1.8 [1.3, 2.6]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.66 [1.05, 2.6]), and proteinuria (OR 3.4 [2.07, 5.7]). Proteinuria was associated with high UA (OR 1.59 [1.01, 2.5]) and hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.8 [1.03, 3.18]). The sole presence of hBMI+UA predicted low GFR with p = 0.6 and hBMI+UA+low HDL predicted proteinuria with p = 0.55. Conclusions: CMRFs were highly prevalent among this freshman student population and were associated with proteinuria and GFR abnormalities. Future studies should focus on public health programs to prevent or delay the development of CKD.

Denitrase activity of Debaryomyces hansenii reduces the oxidized compound 3-nitrotyrosine in mice liver with colitis.

The oxidation of tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine is irreversible, and due to this characteristic, 3-nitrotyrosine is used as a marker for oxidative stress in a range of diverse chronic and degenerative diseases. It has been established that the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii (D. hansenii) can assimilate free 3-nitrotyrosine as unique source of nitrogen, and during saline stress, has a high denitrase activity to detoxify this compound in a reaction that involves the liberation of nitrogen dioxide from 3-nitrotyrosine. However, until now it has not been determined whether D. hansenii can detoxify protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine such as nitrated proteins present in different chronic illnesses. TThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the denitrase activity of D. hansenii to reduce 3-nitrotyrosine from liver proteins of mice with colitis. Firstly, the levels of reactive oxygen species of liver tissue of colitic and control mice were measured by the reaction with the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Denitrase activity of D. hansenii was evaluated by incubating cell extracts of the yeast with protein extracts from livers of mice with colitis. Following incubation, 3-nitrotyrosine was measured, and to corroborate that denitrase reaction had occurred, the production of nitrites was measured. In samples of liver tissue from mice with colitis, the maximum levels of reactive oxygen species were up to two times higher compared with the control livers. Following the incubation of colitic liver samples with cell extracts of D. hansenii, it was observed that 3-nitrotyrosine decreased to the basal concentration of control liver samples, and that the concentration of nitrites was increased. These results indicate that denitrase of D. hansenii extracts can effectively detoxify 3-nitrotyrosine bound to proteins and that the extracts could be used to decrease protein oxidation damage in chronic degenerative diseases.

Ecuaciones antropométricas para el cálculo de grasa corporal en adultos jóvenes / Anthropometric equations for calculating body fat in young adults

Dado que para la población Latinoamericana se cuenta con escasas ecuaciones antropométricas validadas para determinar porcentaje de masa grasa (% MG), se diseñaron ecuaciones antropométricas prácticas para calcular el % MG en adultos jóvenes. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas por técnicas validadas, y se calculó el % MG por densitometría (BodPod) y biompedancia. Se reclutaron 284 voluntarios (18-35 años), de uno y otro sexo. Las ecuaciones se diseñaron por regresión lineal múltiple por el método de todas las regresiones posibles y se validaron por su grado de bondad de ajuste (R2), error estándar de estimación (EEE) y por validación cruzada. En hombres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.78, EEE = 3.64 %, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2 = 0.76, EEE = 2.48 %, p < 0.001. En mujeres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.98, EEE = 4.02%, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2= 0.99, EEE = 2.37 %, p < 0.001. Las ecuaciones aquí diseñadas presentan sencillez, alta validez y confiabilidad, siendo útiles en la clínica y campo deportivo(AU)

Given that in Latin America we have few validated anthropometric equations to determine percentage of fat mass (% MG), practical anthropometric equations were designed to calculate the % MG in young adults. Anthropometric measurements were made by validated techniques, and % MG was calculated by densitometry (BodPod) and bioimpedance. We recruited 284 volunteers (18-35 years), men and women. The equations were designed by multiple linear regression by the method of all possible regressions, and validated by their degree of goodness of fit (R2), standard error of estimation (SES), and cross-validation. In men: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.78, SES = 3.64%, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.76, SES = 2.48%, p <0.001. In women: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.98, SES = 4.02 %, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.99, SES = 2.37 %, p <0.001. The equations here designed have simplicity, high validity, and reliability, being useful in the clinic and sports field(AU)

Clinical Significance of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Mexican Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: High serum uric acid concentration (SUA >6 for women [W] or 7 mg/dL for men [M]) in adults is an independent risk factor for causing cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD); the risk of high SUA in young population is still being debated. SUMMARY: We conducted an epidemiological study to determine the association between SUA quartiles with cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) and renal impairment in apparently healthy young adults. CRF (dyslipidemia, overweight [Ow], obesity [Ob], blood pressure [BP], hyperglycemia, insulin resistance [IR]) and renal impairment were defined as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration formula >130/120, <90 mL/min/1.73 m2, and proteinuria were measured in 18- to 25-year-old students (total n = 5,531). Adjusted ORs by sex were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean SUA was 4.5 ± 1.04 and 6.2 ± 1.2 mg/dL in W and M respectively. High SUA was found in 13.9% (n = 767); prevalence of Ow/Ob 69% (528 of 767), high BP 9% (67), hyperglycemia 15% (112), IR 47% (214), hypertriglyceridemia 35% (269), high LDL-c 16% (120), low HDL-c 52% (399), and metabolic syndrome 33% (249). Prevalence of high GFR was 13% (103), low GFR 8% (62) and proteinuria 5% (37). All risk factors showed a positive relationship with the SUA quartiles with high LDL-c with lowest risk (OR 1.7) and Ow/Ob with highest risk (OR 4.1), independent of sex. Key Messages: High SUA concentrations (M ≥6.2/W ≥4.5 mg/dL) are associated with CRF and renal impairment in young adults. It is necessary to reevaluate the cutoff points for UA in young adults.

Putative 3-nitrotyrosine detoxifying genes identified in the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii: in silico search of regulatory sequences responsive to salt and nitrogen stress

Background: During salt stress, the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii synthesizes tyrosine as a strategy to avoid the oxidation of proteins. Tyrosine reacts with nitrogen radicals to form 3-nitrotyrosine. 3-nitrotyrosine prevents the effects of associated oxidative stress and thus contributes to the high halotolerace of the yeast. However, the mechanism of how D. hansenii counteracts the presence of this toxic compound is unclear. In this work, we evaluated D. hansenii's capacity to assimilate 3-nitrotyrosine as a unique nitrogen source and measured its denitrase activity under salt stress. To identify putative genes related to the assimilation of 3-nitrotyrosine, we performed an in silico search in the promoter regions of D. hansenii genome. Results: We identified 15 genes whose promoters had binding site sequences for transcriptional factors of sodium, nitrogen, and oxidative stress with oxidoreductase and monooxygenase GO annotations. Two of these genes, DEHA2E24178g and DEHA2C00286g, coding for putative denitrases and having GATA sequences, were evaluated by RT-PCR and showed high expression under salt and nitrogen stress. Conclusions: D. hansenii can grow in the presence of 3-nitrotyrosine as the only nitrogen source and has a high specific denitrase activity to degrade 3-nitrotyrosine in 1 and 2 M NaCl stress conditions. The results suggest that given the lack of information on transcriptional factors in D. hansenii, the genes identified in our in silico analysis may help explain 3-nitrotyrosine assimilation mechanisms.

Prevalence of bullying by gender and education in a city with high violence and migration in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of bullying, by gender and educational level, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a city with high rates of violence and migration. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in 2012 - 2014 using a questionnaire known as the Bullying-Mexican. A probabilistic multistage cluster-sampling method obtained a study sample of 2 347 students (10 - 27 years of age) from the 400 000 enrolled in grade 5 - university level at the 611 public schools in Ciudad Juárez. Bullying prevalence and frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often, every day) were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The statistical differences between males and females was assessed using a chi-square test; associations between frequency and academic level were determined by correspondence analysis and the Spearman Rho correlation. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze whether gender and academic level acted independently in the frequency of bullying. RESULTS: Bullying prevalence was reported by 38% of females and 47% of males: 'only victim' represented 8.7%; 'only aggressor,' 13.2%; and 'victim and aggressor,' 21%. At higher levels of education, bullying prevalence declined; however, at the university, prevalence increased in the last semesters. Mockery and social exclusion were the two most dominant types of bullying, followed by beating, threats, and punishment. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of bullying in Ciudad Juárez public schools is among the highest compared to other random studies and surveys. Bullying diminishes with age and educational level.

Abdominal obesity is strongly associated to blood pressure in young Mexicans.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine associations between abdominal obesity (AOb) and the other components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young Mexicans in a cross-sectional survey completed during a 4 year period. METHODS: This cross-sectional study reports on components and prevalence of MetS by using Alberti et al. (16) criteria, as well as association between AOb and elevated blood pressure (BP) of 2,993 Mexican university students, ages 17 to 25 years (66% women) from central and northern Mexico, over a 4-year survey (2010-2013). RESULTS: The most prevalent MetS components in the total sample were low HDL-C concentration (43.6%) and AOb (41.1%). MetS prevalence was 11.8%, more men than women were classified with MetS (14.3% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.01). BP was the MetS component with the lowest prevalence (8.6%). A strong association between AOb and altered BP with in both men and women was found (OR 4.3, IC95% 2.5-7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Even BP was the component with the lowest prevalence, AOb was more strongly associated with it. This fact, could explain the prevalence of hypertension among young Mexican adults.

Abdominal obesity is strongly associated to blood pressure in young Mexicans / La obesidad abdominal está fuertemente asociada a hipertensión arterial en jóvenes mexicanos

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine associations between abdominal obesity (AOb) and the other components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young Mexicans in a cross-sectional survey completed during a 4 year period. Methods: This cross-sectional study reports on components and prevalence of MetS by using Alberti et al. (16) criteria, as well as association between AOb and elevated blood pressure (BP) of 2,993 Mexican university students, ages 17 to 25 years (66% women) from central and northern Mexico, over a 4-year survey (2010-2013). Results: The most prevalent MetS components in the total sample were low HDL-C concentration (43.6%) and AOb (41.1%). MetS prevalence was 11.8%, more men than women were classified with MetS (14.3% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.01). BP was the MetS component with the lowest prevalence (8.6%). A strong association between AOb and altered BP with in both men and women was found (OR 4.3, IC95% 2.5-7.4). Conclusions: Even BP was the component with the lowest prevalence, AOb was more strongly associated with it. This fact, could explain the prevalence of hypertension among young Mexican adults (AU)

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la obesidad abdominal (OAb) y los otros componentes del síndrome metabólico (SMet) en jóvenes mexicanos a través de una encuesta transversal completada durante un período de 4 años. Métodos: este estudio transversal informa sobre los componentes y la prevalencia del SMet usando los criterios de Alberti y cols. (16), así como la asociación entre OAb y la presión arterial (PA) elevada de 2.993 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos, con edades de 17 a 25 años (66% mujeres), procedentes del centro y norte de México, a través de una encuesta de 4 años (2010-2013). Resultados: los componentes del SMet de mayor prevalencia en la muestra total fueron baja concentración de HDL-C (43,6%) y OAb (41,1%). La prevalencia de SMet fue del 11,8%, mayor en hombres que en mujeres (14,3% vs. 10,5%; p < 0,01). La PA elevada fue el componente del SMet con la prevalencia más baja (8,6%). Se encontró una fuerte asociación entre OAb y PA elevada, tanto en hombres como en mujeres (OR 4,3; IC 95% 2,5 a 7,4). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la PA elevada fue el componente con menor prevalencia, la OAb estuvo más fuertemente asociada con esta, hecho que podría explicar la prevalencia de hipertensión entre los adultos jóvenes mexicanos (AU)

Prevalence of bullying by gender and education in a city with high violence and migration in Mexico / Prevalencia de intimidación desglosada en función del sexo y la escolaridad en una ciudad mexicana con índices altos de violencia y migración / Prevalência de bullying por gênero e escolaridade em uma cidade com altos índices de violência e migração no México

Objective. To understand the prevalence of bullying, by gender and educational level, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a city with high rates of violence and migration. Methods. This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in 2012 – 2014 using a questionnaire known as the Bullying-Mexican. A probabilistic multistage cluster-sampling method obtained a study sample of 2 347 students (10 – 27 years of age) from the 400 000 enrolled in grade 5 – university level at the 611 public schools in Ciudad Juárez. Bullying prevalence and frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often, every day) were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The statistical differences between males and females was assessed using a chi-square test; associations between frequency and academic level were determined by correspondence analysis and the Spearman Rho correlation. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze whether gender and academic level acted independently in the frequency of bullying. Results. Bullying prevalence was reported by 38% of females and 47% of males: ‘only victim’ represented 8.7%; ‘only aggressor,’ 13.2%; and ‘victim and aggressor,’ 21%. At higher levels of education, bullying prevalence declined; however, at the university, prevalence increased in the last semesters. Mockery and social exclusion were the two most dominant types of bullying, followed by beating, threats, and punishment. Conclusions. The prevalence of bullying in Ciudad Juárez public schools is among the highest compared to other random studies and surveys. Bullying diminishes with age and educational level.

Objetivo. Comprender la prevalencia de intimidación o bullying, desglosada en función del sexo y el nivel de escolaridad, en Ciudad Juárez (México), ciudad con índices altos de violencia y migración. Métodos. Este estudio transversal de observación se realizó entre el 2012 y el 2014 con el cuestionario mexicano sobre la intimidación (Bull-M). Tras aplicar el método probabilístico polietápico de muestreo por conglomerados, se obtuvo una muestra de 2 347 estudiantes (de 10 a 27 años) de los 400 000 matriculados entre el quinto grado y el nivel universitario en las 611 instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez. Se analizaron la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la intimidación (nunca, rara vez, a veces, a menudo, todos los días) mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Se evaluó la diferencia estadística entre los hombres y las mujeres con la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y se determinó la asociación entre la frecuencia y el nivel académico mediante el análisis de correspondencias y la correlación ro de Spearman (R). Se aplicó una regresión logística polinómica para analizar si el sexo y el nivel académico eran variables independientes respecto de la frecuencia de la intimidación. Resultados. La intimidación tuvo una prevalencia del 38% en las mujeres y del 47% en los hombres: refirieron ser “solo víctimas” el 8,7%; “solo agresores” el 13,2%; y “víctimas y agresores” el 21%. La prevalencia de la intimidación disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de escolaridad, aunque se registró un incremento en los últimos semestres de la universidad. Los dos tipos más predominantes de intimidación son la burla y la exclusión social, a los que siguen la agresión física, la amenaza y el castigo. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de intimidación en las instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez se encuentra entre las más altas cuando se la compara con otros estudios y encuestas de diseño aleatorizado. La intimidación disminuye a medida que avanza la edad y aumenta el nivel de escolaridad.

Objetivo. Compreender a prevalência de bullying, estratificada por gênero e escolaridade, em Ciudad Juárez, México, um município com altos índices de violência e migração. Métodos: Estudo transversal observacional realizado em 2012-2014 usando o instrumento Bullying-Mexican. Utilizando um método probabilístico de amostragem multietápica por conglomerados, obteve-se uma amostra de 2 347 estudantes (10-27 anos de idade) do universo de 400 000 estudantes matriculados da 5ª série ao ensino superior nas 611 escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez. A prevalência e frequência (nunca, raramente, às vezes, frequentemente, todos os dias) de bullying foram analisadas mediante estatísticas descritivas. A diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres foi avaliada através do teste qui-quadrado; associações entre frequência de bullying e escolaridade foram determinadas mediante análise de correspondência e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (R). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística multinomial para determinar se gênero e escolaridade influenciaram independentemente a frequência de bullying. Resultados. O bullying foi relatado por 38% das mulheres e 47% dos homens: 8,7% identificaram-se como “somente vítimas”, 13,2% como “somente agressor”, e 21% como “vítima e agressor”. Nos níveis mais altos de escolaridade, a prevalência de bullying foi menor; porém, no ensino superior, aumentou novamente nos últimos semestres. Assédio verbal e exclusão social foram os dois tipos mais comuns de bullying, seguidos de agressão física, ameaças e castigos. Conclusões. A prevalência de bullying nas escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez está entre as mais elevadas já relatadas em estudos randomizados e levantamentos. O bullying diminui conforme a idade e escolaridade aumentam.

Prevalence of bullying by gender and education in a city with high violence and migration in Mexico / Prevalencia de intimidación desglosada en función del sexo y la escolaridad en una ciudad mexicana con índices altos de violencia y migración / Prevalência de bullying por gênero e escolaridade em uma cidade com altos índices de violência e migração no México

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the prevalence of bullying, by gender and educational level, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a city with high rates of violence and migration. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in 2012 – 2014 using a questionnaire known as the Bullying-Mexican. A probabilistic multistage cluster-sampling method obtained a study sample of 2 347 students (10 – 27 years of age) from the 400 000 enrolled in grade 5 – university level at the 611 public schools in Ciudad Juárez. Bullying prevalence and frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often, every day) were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The statistical differences between males and females was assessed using a chi-square test; associations between frequency and academic level were determined by correspondence analysis and the Spearman Rho correlation. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze whether gender and academic level acted independently in the frequency of bullying. Results Bullying prevalence was reported by 38% of females and 47% of males: ‘only victim’ represented 8.7%; ‘only aggressor,’ 13.2%; and ‘victim and aggressor,’ 21%. At higher levels of education, bullying prevalence declined; however, at the university, prevalence increased in the last semesters. Mockery and social exclusion were the two most dominant types of bullying, followed by beating, threats, and punishment. Conclusions The prevalence of bullying in Ciudad Juárez public schools is among the highest compared to other random studies and surveys. Bullying diminishes with age and educational level.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender la prevalencia de intimidación o bullying, desglosada en función del sexo y el nivel de escolaridad, en Ciudad Juárez (México), ciudad con índices altos de violencia y migración. Métodos Este estudio transversal de observación se realizó entre el 2012 y el 2014 con el cuestionario mexicano sobre la intimidación (Bull-M). Tras aplicar el método probabilístico polietápico de muestreo por conglomerados, se obtuvo una muestra de 2 347 estudiantes (de 10 a 27 años) de los 400 000 matriculados entre el quinto grado y el nivel universitario en las 611 instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez. Se analizaron la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la intimidación (nunca, rara vez, a veces, a menudo, todos los días) mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Se evaluó la diferencia estadística entre los hombres y las mujeres con la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y se determinó la asociación entre la frecuencia y el nivel académico mediante el análisis de correspondencias y la correlación ro de Spearman (R). Se aplicó una regresión logística polinómica para analizar si el sexo y el nivel académico eran variables independientes respecto de la frecuencia de la intimidación. Resultados La intimidación tuvo una prevalencia del 38% en las mujeres y del 47% en los hombres: refirieron ser “solo víctimas” el 8,7%; “solo agresores” el 13,2%; y “víctimas y agresores” el 21%. La prevalencia de la intimidación disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de escolaridad, aunque se registró un incremento en los últimos semestres de la universidad. Los dos tipos más predominantes de intimidación son la burla y la exclusión social, a los que siguen la agresión física, la amenaza y el castigo. Conclusiones La prevalencia de intimidación en las instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez se encuentra entre las más altas cuando se la compara con otros estudios y encuestas de diseño aleatorizado. La intimidación disminuye a medida que avanza la edad y aumenta el nivel de escolaridad.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender a prevalência de bullying, estratificada por gênero e escolaridade, em Ciudad Juárez, México, um município com altos índices de violência e migração. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional realizado em 2012-2014 usando o instrumento Bullying-Mexican. Utilizando um método probabilístico de amostragem multietápica por conglomerados, obteve-se uma amostra de 2 347 estudantes (10-27 anos de idade) do universo de 400 000 estudantes matriculados da 5ª série ao ensino superior nas 611 escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez. A prevalência e frequência (nunca, raramente, às vezes, frequentemente, todos os dias) de bullying foram analisadas mediante estatísticas descritivas. A diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres foi avaliada através do teste qui-quadrado; associações entre frequência de bullying e escolaridade foram determinadas mediante análise de correspondência e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (R). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística multinomial para determinar se gênero e escolaridade influenciaram independentemente a frequência de bullying. Resultados O bullying foi relatado por 38% das mulheres e 47% dos homens: 8,7% identificaram-se como “somente vítimas”, 13,2% como “somente agressor”, e 21% como “vítima e agressor”. Nos níveis mais altos de escolaridade, a prevalência de bullying foi menor; porém, no ensino superior, aumentou novamente nos últimos semestres. Assédio verbal e exclusão social foram os dois tipos mais comuns de bullying, seguidos de agressão física, ameaças e castigos. Conclusões A prevalência de bullying nas escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez está entre as mais elevadas já relatadas em estudos randomizados e levantamentos. O bullying diminui conforme a idade e escolaridade aumentam.

Fasting Triglycerides and Glucose Index as a Diagnostic Test for Insulin Resistance in Young Adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although the Glucose and Triglyceride levels (TyG) index is useful for identification of insulin resistance (IR) in different ethnic groups, it has not been evaluated in young adults. We undertook this study to evaluate the TyG index as a diagnostic test for IR in young adults. METHODS: A total of 5,538 healthy young adults, 3,795 (68.5%) non-pregnant women and 1,743 (31.5%) men, with an average age of 19.2 ± 1.4 years, were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study. To estimate diagnostic characteristics of the TyG index, a randomized subsample of the target population (n = 75) was under euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp test. Using the cutoff values obtained in the clamp study, the diagnostic concordance between TyG index and HOMA-IR was evaluated in the overall population. The TyG index was calculated as the Ln[fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/2. RESULTS: Normal weight, overweight, and obesity were identified in 3,632 (65.6%), 1,355 (24.5%), and 551 (9.9%) participants. A total of 346 (9.1%) men and 278 (15.9%) women exhibited IR. The best cutoff value of TyG index for diagnosis of IR was 4.55 (sensitivity 0.687, negative predictive value (NPV) 0.844, and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.47) for women and 4.68 (sensitivity 0.673, NPV 0.900, and NLR 0.45) for men. In normal-weight individuals the diagnostic concordance between TyG index and HOMA-IR was 0.934 and 0.915, in the overweight subjects was 0.908 and 0.895 and, in the obese participants 0.916 and 0.950, for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TyG index may be useful for screening IR in young adults.

Cardiometabolic risk in young adults from northern Mexico: Revisiting body mass index and waist-circumference as predictors.

BACKGROUND: A body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2) and a waist circumference (WC) ≥80 cm in women (WCF) or ≥90 cm in men (WCM) are reference cardiometabolic risk markers (CMM) for Mexicans adults. However, their reliability to predict other CMM (index tests) in young Mexicans has not been studied in depth. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study evaluating several anthropometric, physiological and biochemical CMM from 295 young Mexicans was performed. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and Youden's index (J) of reference BMI/WC cutoffs toward other CMM (n = 14) were obtained and their most reliable cutoffs were further calculated at Jmax. RESULTS: Prevalence, incidence and magnitude of most CMM increased along the BMI range (p < 0.01). BMI explained 81 % of WC's variance [Se (97 %), Sp (71 %), J (68 %), Jmax (86 %), BMI = 30 kg/m(2)] and 4-50 % of other CMM. The five most prevalent (≥71 %) CMM in obese subjects were high WC, low HDL-C, and three insulin-related CMM [Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI]. For a BMI = 30 kg/m(2), J ranged from 16 % (HDL-C/LDL-C) to 68 % (WC), being moderately reliable (Jmax = 61-67) to predict high uric acid (UA), metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype (HTGW). Corrected WCM/WCF were moderate-highly reliable (Jmax = 66-90) to predict HTGW, MetS, fasting glucose and UA. Most CMM were moderate-highly predicted at 27 ± 3 kg/m(2) (CI 95 %, 25-28), 85 ± 5 cm (CI 95 %, 82-88) and 81 ± 6cm (CI 95 %, 75-87), for BMI, WCM and WCF, respectively. CONCLUSION: BMI and WC are good predictors of several CMM in the studied population, although at different cutoffs than current reference values.

PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN YOUNG MEXICANS: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON ITS COMPONENTS.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and the high prevalence of diabetes type II (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is in great part a consequence of that epidemic. Metabolic syndrome is a useful tool to estimate the risk of a young population to evolve to DM2 and CVD. OBJECTIVE: to estimate the MetS prevalence in young Mexicans, and to evaluate each parameter as an independent indicator through a sensitivity analysis. METHODS: the prevalence of MetS was estimated in 6 063 young of the México City metropolitan area. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the performance of each one of the components of MetS, as an indicator of the presence of MetS itself. Five statistical of the sensitivity analysis were calculated for each MetS component and the other parameters included: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value or precision, negative predictive value, and accuracy. RESULTS: the prevalence of MetS in Mexican young population was estimated to be 13.4%. Waist circumference presented the highest sensitivity (96.8% women; 90.0% men), blood pressure presented the highest specificity for women (97.7%) and glucose for men (91.0%). When all the five statistical are considered triglycerides is the component with the highest values, showing a value of 75% or more in four of them. Differences by sex are detected for averages of all components of MetS in young without alterations. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican young are highly prone to acquire MetS: 71% have at least one and up to five MetS parameters altered, and 13.4% of them have MetS. From all the five components of MetS, waist circumference presented the highest sensitivity as a predictor of MetS, and triglycerides is the best parameter if a single factor is to be taken as sole predictor of MetS in Mexican young population, triglycerides is also the parameter with the highest accuracy.

Introducción: la obesidad es una epidemia mundial y la alta prevalencia de diabetes tipo II (DM2) y de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es, en gran parte, consecuencia de esta epidemia. El síndrome metabólico (SMet) es una herramienta útil para estimar el riesgo de que una población de jóvenes evolucione a DM2 y ECV. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia del SMet en jóvenes mexicanos, y evaluar cada parámetro como un indicador independiente mediante análisis de sensibilidad. Métodos: se estimó la prevalencia del SMet en 6.063 jóvenes del área metropolitana de Ciudad de México. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para estimar la eficiencia de cada uno de los componentes del SMet como un indicador de la presencia del mismo SMet. Se calcularon cinco estadísticos del análisis de sensibilidad para cada uno de los componentes del SMet y otros parámetros, incluidos: sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y precisión. Resultados: la prevalencia del SMet en la población de jóvenes mexicanos se estimó en 13.4%. La circunferencia de la cintura presentó la sensibilidad más alta (96.8% mujeres; 90.0% hombres); en las mujeres, la presión arterial presentó la más alta especificidad (97.7%) y en los hombres la glucosa (91.0%). Cuando se consideran los cinco estadísticos, los triglicéridos son el componente con los valores más altos, con valores del 75% o mayores para cuatro de estos. En los jóvenes sin alteraciones se detecta diferencia entre sexos para los promedios de todos los componentes del SMet. Conclusiones: los jóvenes mexicanos son altamente propensos a adquirir SMet: el 71% tiene cuando menos uno y hasta cinco parámetros del SMet alterados, y el 13.4% de ellos tiene SMet. De los cinco componentes del SMet, la circunferencia de la cintura presentó la más alta sensibilidad como predictor del SMet, y los triglicéridos es el mejor parámetro predictor en jóvenes mexicanos si solo se considera un factor predictor del SMet; también los triglicéridos son el parámetro con la más alta precisión.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young Mexicans: a sensitivity analysis on its components / Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en jóvenes mexicanos: análisis de sensibilidad de sus componentes

Introduction: obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and the high prevalence of diabetes type II (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is in great part a consequence of that epidemic. Metabolic syndrome is a useful tool to estimate the risk of a young population to evolve to DM2 and CVD. Objective: to estimate the MetS prevalence in young Mexicans, and to evaluate each parameter as an independent indicator through a sensitivity analysis. Methods: the prevalence of MetS was estimated in 6063 young of the México City metropolitan area. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the performance of each one of the components of MetS, as an indicator of the presence of MetS itself. Five statistical of the sensitivity analysis were calculated for each MetS component and the other parameters included: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value or precision, negative predictive value, and accuracy. Results: the prevalence of MetS in Mexican young population was estimated to be 13.4%. Waist circumference presented the highest sensitivity (96.8% women; 90.0% men), blood pressure presented the highest specificity for women (97.7%) and glucose for men (91.0%). When all the five statistical are considered triglycerides is the component with the highest values, showing a value of 75% or more in four of them. Differences by sex are detected for averages of all components of MetS in young without alterations. Conclusions: Mexican young are highly prone to acquire MetS: 71% have at least one and up to five MetS parameters altered, and 13.4% of them have MetS. From all the five components of MetS, waist circumference presented the highest sensitivity as a predictor of MetS, and triglycerides is the best parameter if a single factor is to be taken as sole predictor of MetS in Mexican young population, triglycerides is also the parameter with the highest accuracy (AU)

Introducción: la obesidad es una epidemia mundial y la alta prevalencia de diabetes tipo II (DM2) y de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es, en gran parte, consecuencia de esta epidemia. El síndrome metabólico (SMet) es una herramienta útil para estimar el riesgo de que una población de jóvenes evolucione a DM2 y ECV. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia del SMet en jóvenes mexicanos, y evaluar cada parámetro como un indicador independiente mediante análisis de sensibilidad. Métodos: se estimó la prevalencia del SMet en 6.063 jóvenes del área metropolitana de Ciudad de México. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para estimar la eficiencia de cada uno de los componentes del SMet como un indicador de la presencia del mismo SMet. Se calcularon cinco estadísticos del análisis de sensibilidad para cada uno de los componentes del SMet y otros parámetros, incluidos: sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y precisión. Resultados: la prevalencia del SMet en la población de jóvenes mexicanos se estimó en 13.4%. La circunferencia de la cintura presentó la sensibilidad más alta (96.8% mujeres; 90.0% hombres); en las mujeres, la presión arterial presentó la más alta especificidad (97.7%) y en los hombres la glucosa (91.0%). Cuando se consideran los cinco estadísticos, los triglicéridos son el componente con los valores más altos, con valores del 75% o mayores para cuatro de estos. En los jóvenes sin alteraciones se detecta diferencia entre sexos para los promedios de todos los componentes del SMet. Conclusiones: los jóvenes mexicanos son altamente propensos a adquirir SMet: el 71% tiene cuando menos uno y hasta cinco parámetros del SMet alterados, y el 13.4% de ellos tiene SMet. De los cinco componentes del SMet, la circunferencia de la cintura presentó la más alta sensibilidad como predictor del SMet, y los triglicéridos es el mejor parámetro predictor en jóvenes mexicanos si solo se considera un factor predictor del SMet; también los triglicéridos son el parámetro con la más alta precisión (AU)