Psychological Analysis among Goal Orientation, Emotional Intelligence and Academic Burnout in Middle School Students.

During schooling, students can undergo, for more or less long periods of time, different contextual settings that can negatively affect their personal and academic development, leading them not to meet their academic goals. The main objective of this research responds to examine the relationships between the constructs of goal orientations, emotional intelligence, and burnout in students. Method: This research comprised 2896 students from 15 Spanish high schools with ages between 12 and 18 years distributed across male (N = 1614; 55.73%) and female (N = 1282; 44.26%) genders. The measurements were made through Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), the Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS). Results: Results showed links between task orientation, high emotional intelligence levels, and adaptive behaviors and between ego orientation, academic burnout and less adaptive behavior. Similarly, it was shown that emotional intelligence can be used to predict goal-oriented behaviors. Conclusion: It is argued that the promotion of task orientation among secondary school students can lead to the adoption of adaptive behaviors and this, in turn, improve the development of students toward academic and personal settings.

Exploring the Psychological Effects of Optimism on Life Satisfaction in Students: The Mediating Role of Goal Orientations.

Subjective wellbeing is a current issue today. Various variables affect subjective wellbeing during adolescence: a crucial stage in the life of the individual. This study focuses on analysing the relationship between academic goal orientation, optimism and life satisfaction in adolescent students, as well as the possible mediating role of the goal orientation (task and ego) in the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in adolescents. Methods: The sample comprises 1602 students (male N = 871; 54.36% and female N = 731; 45.63%) from nine secondary schools. The instruments used were the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R), the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) questionnaire. Results: The results of the study reveal significant correlations between optimism-related variables, goal orientation and life satisfaction. In addition, goal orientation was found to have a positive mediating role on optimism and life satisfaction. Conclusion: The study shows the importance of promoting adaptive behaviours in goal orientation in adolescents, leading to optimal levels on variables such as optimism and life satisfaction, which in turn improve the individual's psychological development and academic performance.

Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en adultos inactivos, practicantes de ciclo indoory ciclistas aficionados / Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in inactive adults, indoor cycling practitioners and amateur cyclists

Introducción: existe información limitada sobre la relación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (ADM) y la práctica deportiva. Objetivo: determinar la posible asociación de la práctica deportiva y el volumen de entrenamiento en bicicleta con la ADM y la influencia de la proximidad de una prueba ciclodeportiva sobre la ADM. Material y métodos: una primera evaluación de la ADM en 785 (84 mujeres) ciclistas aficionados (volumen ≥ 7 horas/semana), 514 (224 mujeres) practicantes de ciclo indoor (volumen: 2-6 horas/semana) y 718 (411 mujeres) adultos inactivos fue desarrollada en mayo, coincidiendo con la participación de los ciclistas en una prueba ciclodeportiva. Una submuestra de 359 ciclistas y 148 inactivos fueron evaluados nuevamente en noviembre, en fecha alejada de la prueba ciclodeportiva. Se utilizó el cuestionario MEDAS-14 para valorar la ADM y un cuestionario autodiseñado para evaluar el volumen de entrenamiento. Resultados: un 40% de los sujetos evidenció alta ADM. En ambos sexos, los deportistas mostraron mayor ADM que los inactivos, con los mejores índices para los grupos de ciclistas (p < 0,001). La relación entre la ADM y el volumen de entrenamiento fue débil (hombres: r = 0,137, mujeres: r = 0,173; p < 0,001). La ADM de los ciclistas disminuyó de mayo a noviembre (p < 0,001) sin cambios en los sujetos inactivos (p = 0,535). Conclusiones: la práctica deportiva en bicicleta se asocia con una mayor ADM con limitada influencia del volumen de entrenamiento y con efectos positivos transitorios de la participación en una prueba ciclodeportiva (AU)

Introduction: There is limited information referred to the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (AMD) and sports practice. Objective: To determinate the association of cycling practice and cycling training volume with the AMD and the influence of the participation in a high-demand cyclist event on the AMD. Material and methods: A first evaluation of AMD in 785 (84 women) amateur cyclists (volume: ≥ 7 hours/week), 514 (224 women) indoor cycling practitioners (volume: 2-6 hours/week) and 718 (411 women) inactive adults was conducted in May coinciding with the participation of cyclists in a cycling event. A subsample of 359 cyclists and 148 inactive subjects agreed to be retested in November, far from the cycling event date. The MEDAS-14 questionnaire was used to assess the AMD and a self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the volume of training. Results: 40% of subjects showed high AMD. In both sexes, athletes showed higher AMD than inactive subjects, with the highest indexes for groups of cyclists (p < 0.001). The relationship between AMD and training volume was weak (men: r = 0.137, women: r = 0.173; p < 0.001). The AMD of cyclists decreased from May to November (p < 0.001) with no significant changes in inactive subjects (p = 0.535). Conclusions: Cycling is associated to higher values of AMD with a limited influence of training volume and transient positive effects of participation in a cycling endurance event (AU)

Preventing injuries using a pre-training administered rated perceived exertion scale / Prevención de lesiones usando la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo

The objective of this study was to develop an injury prevention protocol based on Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) before and after training sessions was measured using the CR-10 Borg scale. Measuring pre-training exertion allows players to inform their coach about their state before initiating any activity, which helps the coach to adjust the training load. A total of 12 players from the Spanish first-division "Hormigoneras Umacón" futsal team were followed-up during the 2013/2014 season. Data were collected for 40 weeks in 225 training sessions. The injuries sustained and pre-training RPE obtained were recorded for each player. A RPE value of "6" was considered a "warning sign2 that indicated that the player might not be in optimal conditions to support the planned training load. The results reveal that the incidence of injuries was lower (p<0,05) among the players showing a lower number of warning signs. In addition, in the months with a higher training volume, warning signs were useful in reducing the number of injuries sustained by the players. In conclusion, "warning signs" indicate alterations in the physical state of players before initiating any activity, which allows the coach to modify the training load and reduce the risk of injuries

El objeto de estudio fue desarrollar un protocolo de prevención de lesiones basado en la Percepción Subjetiva de la Fatiga antes del entrenamiento. De acuerdo con autores que utilizan la Percepción Subjetiva (RPE) mediante la Escala CR-10 de Borg para evaluar la fatiga del jugador antes y después del entrenamiento, analizamos la fatiga previa considerando que esta variable permite al deportista informar al entrenador de sus sensaciones antes de iniciar la actividad, posibilitando variar las cargas. Participaron 12 jugadores del equipo "Hormigoneras Umacón" de Primera División española de fútbol sala durante la temporada 2013/2014. Se recogieron datos durante 40 semanas en 225 sesiones de entrenamiento. Se registraron las lesiones producidas y los valores de Percepción Subjetiva de la Fatiga previa de cada jugador estableciendo que un RPE de 6, denominado "señal de alerta", mostraba condiciones no óptimas para soportar las cargas planificadas. Los resultados muestran que los jugadores que menor número de señales tuvieron fueron los que mayor incidencia lesional reflejaron y viceversa (p<0,05). Además en los meses con mayor volumen de entrenamiento se consiguió que el número de lesiones no fuese mayor que el resto gracias a las señales de alerta obtenidas. Concluimos que la "señal de alerta" informa de cualquier alteración del estado del deportista antes de iniciar la actividad permitiendo modificar la carga disminuyendo el riesgo de lesión

[Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in inactive adults, indoor cycling practitioners and amateur cyclists]. / Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en adultos inactivos, practicantes de ciclo indoory ciclistas aficionados.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited information referred to the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (AMD) and sports practice. OBJECTIVE: To determinate the association of cycling practice and cycling training volume with the AMD and the influence of the participation in a high-demand cyclist event on the AMD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A first evaluation of AMD in 785 (84 women) amateur cyclists (volume: ≥ 7 hours/week), 514 (224 women) indoor cycling practitioners (volume: 2-6 hours/week) and 718 (411 women) inactive adults was conducted in May coinciding with the participation of cyclists in a cycling event. A subsample of 359 cyclists and 148 inactive subjects agreed to be retested in November, far from the cycling event date. The MEDAS-14 questionnaire was used to assess the AMD and a self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the volume of training. RESULTS: 40% of subjects showed high AMD. In both sexes, athletes showed higher AMD than inactive subjects, with the highest indexes for groups of cyclists (p < 0.001). The relationship between AMD and training volume was weak (men: r = 0.137, women: r = 0.173; p < 0.001). The AMD of cyclists decreased from May to November (p < 0.001) with no significant changes in inactive subjects (p = 0.535). CONCLUSIONS: Cycling is associated to higher values of AMD with a limited influence of training volume and transient positive effects of participation in a cycling endurance event.

Evolución de la prevención de lesiones en el control del entrenamiento / Evolution of injury prevention training monitoring

En la actualidad, nadie duda de la interrelación entre las cargas de entrenamiento y su influencia en las lesiones deportivas. Objeto de estudio: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el control del entrenamiento y la prevención de lesiones en los deportes colectivos que nos permitan avanzar en el conocimiento del mismo. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica electrónica en el año 2015 en las bases de datos Web of Science (WOS), Pubmed y Scopus. Las estrategias de búsqueda y palabras clave fueron "training load", "prevention injuries" y la combinación mediante el término AND/& con control, team sports. La "n" analizada ha sido "training load" (49), "prevention injuries & training load & control & team sports" (16), "prevention injuries & training load" (204). De la revisión se obtuvieron 5 bloques temáticos: control y monitorización del entrenamiento (13,6%), prevención de lesiones (39,2%), prevención del ligamento cruzado anterior (15,2%), incidencia lesional (18,4%) y otros (13,6%). El control de la carga debe recoger datos cuantitativos y cualitativos tanto del entrenamiento como fuera del mismo. Los trabajos de fuerza general y específica, con especial atención al trabajo excéntrico, control propioceptivo y la coordinación neuromuscular conforman los pilares en los que se sustenta un plan de prevención de lesiones. Debe tenerse en cuenta la revisión continua tanto de las reglas del juego como del material de protección ya que puede permitir disminuir la incidencia lesional. Se deben seguir realizando estudios biomecánicos y de vídeo que permitan seguir avanzando en el conocimiento de las causas y factores de las lesiones. Es necesario estudios epidemiológicos de la incidencia lesional en la población en general que nos den la magnitud del problema. Es necesario seguir trabajando en fomentar la prevención de lesiones desde la perspectiva global del deportista desde la infancia

Today, no one doubts the relationship between training loads and their influence on sports injuries. Object of study: literature review on training load and injury prevention in team sports that allow us to advance our knowledge of it. It has made an electronic literature review in 2015 on the basis of Web of Science (WOS), Pubmed and Scopus. The search strategies and key words were "training load", "prevention injuries" and the combination by the term AND/& with control team sports. The "n" has been discussed "training load" (49) "prevention injuries & training load & Control & team sports" (16) "prevention injuries & training load" (204). 5 thematic blocks were obtained: Control and monitoring of training (13.6%), prevention of injuries (39.2%), prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (15.2%), injury incidence (18.4%) and others (13.6%). The load control should collect quantitative and qualitative data from the training and the rest of the day. The general and specific strength tranining, with particular attention to eccentric work, proprioceptive, neuromuscular control and coordination form the pillars on which a plan for injury prevention is based. Continuous review of rules of the game and the protective material should be considered because it may allows to reduce the incidence of injury. It should continue with biomechanical studies and video to enable further progress in understanding the causes and factors of injuries. Epidemiological studies are needed about the incidence of injury in the general population to give us the magnitude of the problem. Further work is needed to promote the prevention of injury from the global perspective of the athlete from childhood