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1.
J Dairy Sci ; 107(2): 917-932, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37777006

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to document the milking efficiency of a sample of Irish dairy farms and to understand the effects of (1) seasonality, (2) management practices, (3) parlor infrastructure, and (4) parlor automations on milking efficiency metrics. A novel methodology based on empirical data from video cameras, infrastructure surveys, and milk yield data allowed for the accurate computation of milking efficiency metrics and quantification of the effects of seasonality, number of operators, and parlor automations on milking efficiency across 2 parlor types. The data for this study were collected over 2 periods: period 1 (July 28, 2020, to October 23, 2020, peak-late production) and period 2 (April 12, 2021, to May 19, 2021, early-peak production) from a sample of 16 herringbone and 10 rotary commercial Irish dairy farms. Milking efficiency was evaluated on each farm using 3 key performance indicators: (1) cows milked per hour (cows/h), (2) cows milked per operator per hour (cows/h per operator), and (3) liters of milk harvested per hour (L/h). Milking efficiency key performance indicators were calculated using "total process time," defined as the time between the first cow entering the holding yard and the end of the cleaning process. Average herd sizes for herringbone and rotary farms were 180 and 425 cows, respectively. Average system sizes for herringbone and rotary farms were 20 and 50 clusters, respectively. For herringbone farms, the average milking efficiency was 94 cows/h, 73 cows/h per operator, and 1,012 L/h, whereas rotary farms achieved an average milking efficiency of 170 cows/h, 132 cows/h per operator, and 1,534 L/h. Parlor size was strongly correlated with milking efficiency (cows/h) for herringbone parlors (0.91) but was only moderately correlated for rotary parlors (0.50). Hence, we documented the effect of parlor size on milking efficiency is relative to parlor type. Cluster utilization values on herringbone farms were 5 cows/cluster per h, 4 cows/cluster per operator per h, and 51 L/cluster per h, which were 67%, 33%, and 65% greater than rotary farms, respectively. We found for both herringbone and rotary farms hourly cow throughput (cows/h, cows/h per operator) were greatest during period 1 and that the volume of milk harvested per hour (L/h) was greatest for period 2. Thus, we documented an inverse seasonal relationship between hourly rates of cows milked and milk harvested. We observed that for herringbone farms, milking efficiency (cows/h, L/h) had a strong positive correlation (0.75, 0.74) with the levels of automation use. However, the minimal variation in automations used among rotary farms made it difficult to evaluate their effect on milking efficiency. Similarly, we found that the effect of automations on milking efficiency was dependent on parlor type. On average, a second operator at milking for both herringbone (H) and rotary (R) farms increased values for cows/h (+19%, H; +34%, R) and L/h (+21%, H; +12%, R) but lowered values for cows/h per operator (-35%, H; -12%, R). The holistic methodology applied in this study allowed us to add novel data to the literature by quantifying the effects of seasonality, the number of operators present at milking, and parlor automation use on milking efficiency across 2 parlor types.


Subject(s)
Lactation , Milk , Female , Cattle , Animals , Ireland , Dairying/methods , Automation , Farms
2.
Trends Neurosci ; 45(12): 955-967, 2022 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36280459

ABSTRACT

The dorsal striatum integrates prior and current information to guide appropriate decision-making. Chronic stress and stimulant exposure interferes with decision-making, and can confer similar cognitive and behavioral inflexibilities. This review examines the literature on acute and chronic regulation of the epigenome by stress and stimulants. Recent evidence suggests that exposures to stress and stimulants share similarities in the manners in which they regulate the dorsal striatum epigenome through DNA methylation, transposable element activity, and histone post-translational modifications. These findings suggest that chronic stress and stimulant exposure leads to the accumulation of epigenetic modifications that impair immediate and future neuron function and activity. Such epigenetic mechanisms represent potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating convergent symptoms of stress and addiction.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Stimulants , Epigenesis, Genetic , Humans , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , DNA Methylation , Histones , Protein Processing, Post-Translational
3.
Socioecol Pract Res ; 3(2): 207-223, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34778715

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the elements of a pathway to writing the bold, innovative scenarios necessary to promote sustainable socio-ecological integration. Innovative scenarios incorporate three virtues essential to making knowledge systemically useful: creativity, collaboration, and communication. The main features of such a scenario-writing process include: (1) the effective integration of participants from a diverse array of disciplinary perspectives; (2) an integrated approach to defining problems as a system of interrelated structures, functions, and processes; (3) the collaborative learning required to synthesize a comprehensive understanding of the interrelated components and processes of the system containing the problem(s); (4) a process of co-writing that guides the alteration of socio-ecological systems to eliminate the problem(s); and (5) communication that clearly and persuasively conveys the message required to actualize resolution.

4.
Sensors (Basel) ; 22(1)2021 Dec 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35009593

ABSTRACT

Machine learning applications are becoming more ubiquitous in dairy farming decision support applications in areas such as feeding, animal husbandry, healthcare, animal behavior, milking and resource management. Thus, the objective of this mapping study was to collate and assess studies published in journals and conference proceedings between 1999 and 2021, which applied machine learning algorithms to dairy farming-related problems to identify trends in the geographical origins of data, as well as the algorithms, features and evaluation metrics and methods used. This mapping study was carried out in line with PRISMA guidelines, with six pre-defined research questions (RQ) and a broad and unbiased search strategy that explored five databases. In total, 129 publications passed the pre-defined selection criteria, from which relevant data required to answer each RQ were extracted and analyzed. This study found that Europe (43% of studies) produced the largest number of publications (RQ1), while the largest number of articles were published in the Computers and Electronics in Agriculture journal (21%) (RQ2). The largest number of studies addressed problems related to the physiology and health of dairy cows (32%) (RQ3), while the most frequently employed feature data were derived from sensors (48%) (RQ4). The largest number of studies employed tree-based algorithms (54%) (RQ5), while RMSE (56%) (regression) and accuracy (77%) (classification) were the most frequently employed metrics used, and hold-out cross-validation (39%) was the most frequently employed evaluation method (RQ6). Since 2018, there has been more than a sevenfold increase in the number of studies that focused on the physiology and health of dairy cows, compared to almost a threefold increase in the overall number of publications, suggesting an increased focus on this subdomain. In addition, a fivefold increase in the number of publications that employed neural network algorithms was identified since 2018, in comparison to a threefold increase in the use of both tree-based algorithms and statistical regression algorithms, suggesting an increasing utilization of neural network-based algorithms.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Machine Learning , Animal Husbandry , Animals , Cattle , Farms , Female , Milk
5.
Nat Neurosci ; 22(5): 762-769, 2019 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30962632

ABSTRACT

The value of an anticipated rewarding event is a crucial component of the decision to engage in its pursuit. But little is known of the networks responsible for encoding and retrieving this value. By using biosensors and pharmacological manipulations, we found that basolateral amygdala (BLA) glutamatergic activity tracks and mediates encoding and retrieval of the state-dependent incentive value of a palatable food reward. Projection-specific, bidirectional chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations revealed that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) supports the BLA in these processes. Critically, the function of ventrolateral and medial OFC→BLA projections is doubly dissociable. Whereas lateral OFC→BLA projections are necessary and sufficient for encoding of the positive value of a reward, medial OFC→BLA projections are necessary and sufficient for retrieving this value from memory. These data reveal a new circuit for adaptive reward valuation and pursuit and provide insight into the dysfunction in these processes that characterizes myriad psychiatric diseases.


Subject(s)
Basolateral Nuclear Complex/physiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Prefrontal Cortex/physiology , Reward , Animals , Conditioning, Operant , Glutamic Acid/physiology , Male , Optogenetics , Rats, Long-Evans
6.
Biol Psychiatry ; 84(5): 383-392, 2018 09 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29571524

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Optimal behavior and decision making result from a balance of control between two strategies, one cognitive/goal-directed and one habitual. These systems are known to rely on the anatomically distinct dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms required to learn and transition between these strategies are unknown. Here we examined the role of one chromatin-based transcriptional regulator, histone modification via histone deacetylases (HDACs), in this process. METHODS: We combined procedures that diagnose behavioral strategy in rats with pharmacological and viral-mediated HDAC manipulations, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and messenger RNA quantification. RESULTS: The results indicate that dorsal striatal HDAC3 activity constrains habit formation. Systemic HDAC inhibition following instrumental (lever press → reward) conditioning increased histone acetylation throughout the dorsal striatum and accelerated habitual control of behavior. HDAC3 was removed from the promoters of key learning-related genes in the dorsal striatum as habits formed with overtraining and with posttraining HDAC inhibition. Decreasing HDAC3 function, either by selective pharmacological inhibition or by expression of dominant-negative mutated HDAC3, in either the dorsolateral striatum or the dorsomedial striatum accelerated habit formation, while HDAC3 overexpression in either region prevented habit. CONCLUSIONS: These results challenge the strict dissociation between dorsomedial striatum and dorsolateral striatum function in goal-directed versus habitual behavioral control and identify dorsostriatal HDAC3 as a critical molecular directive of the transition to habit. Because this transition is disrupted in many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, these data suggest a potential molecular mechanism for the negative behavioral symptoms of these conditions and a target for therapeutic intervention.


Subject(s)
Conditioning, Operant/physiology , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Habits , Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Animals , Gene Expression , Male , Neurons/metabolism , Rats, Long-Evans , Reward
7.
Chemistry ; 19(31): 10138-41, 2013 Jul 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23780906

ABSTRACT

Grow slow: The usual direct treatment of MeLi and CuSPh did not yield X-ray quality crystals of MeCu(SPh)Li. An indirect method starting from Me2CuLi⋅LiSPh and chalcone afforded the desired crystals by the slow reaction of the intermediate π-complex (see scheme). This strategy produced the first X-ray crystal structure of a Posner cuprate. A complementary NMR study showed that the contact ion pair was also the main species in solution.

8.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 49(29): 3010-2, 2013 Apr 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23459603

ABSTRACT

Rapid injection of pyruvonitrile or benzoyl cyanide into solutions of Me2CuLi in THF-d8 at -100 °C gave complexes that were stable at this temperature. 1D NMR with multiply labelled substrates ((13)C/(15)N) and 2D NMR ((1)H/(13)C) identified them as the first cuprate-carbonyl π-complexes.

9.
J Am Chem Soc ; 134(23): 9557-60, 2012 Jun 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22631600

ABSTRACT

By using rapid injection NMR, it has now been possible to prepare and characterize the η(3) 'π-allyl' copper(III) intermediate that has been proposed for addition reactions of organocopper(I) reagents and α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

10.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl ; 51(11): 2681-5, 2012 Mar 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22298492

ABSTRACT

They "know" where to go: a powerful orientation effect has been observed in complexes of mixed organocuprates [R(T)R(NT)CuLi] and substrates with C-C, C-N, and C-S double bonds (see scheme; Th=thienyl). The preferred geometry of the intermediate complex sets up the facile addition of R(T) to the double bond, rather than addition of the "dummy ligand", R(NT) .

12.
J Am Chem Soc ; 132(28): 9549-51, 2010 Jul 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20540520

ABSTRACT

Upon rapid injection, a variety of thiocarbonyl compounds react with the Gilman reagent Me(2)CuLi at -100 degrees C inside the probe of an NMR spectrometer to give high yields of complexes. Typical examples of substrates include carbon disulfide, methyl dithioacetate, methyl dithiobenzoate, thiobenzophenone, ethylene trithiocarbonate, and phenyl isothiocyanate. Evidence suggesting the formal oxidation state of copper in these complexes to be Cu(III) is presented. The last example was particularly interesting, since it involved a transient intermediate that was identified as a complex with a C-N double bond. Methyl isothiocyanate gave a stable C-N double-bond complex.

13.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 46(8): 1253-4, 2010 Feb 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20449267

ABSTRACT

Lithium tetramethylcuprate(III), Me(4)CuLi, the Cu(III) analog of the Gilman reagent, has been prepared in high yield from halo-Gilman reagents Me(2)CuLi.LiX (X = Cl, Br, I) and 2,3-dichloropropene and found to have surprising thermal stability. The cyano-Gilman reagent (X = CN) follows a different pathway.

14.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 46(8): 1255-6, 2010 Feb 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20449268

ABSTRACT

Lithium tetramethylcuprate(III) 1 reacts readily at -100 degrees C with appropriate sources of H(+) or X(+) (X = Br, I) to remove a methyl and in some cases incorporate the counterion (e.g., arylthio or cyano) to give stable complexes. These derivatives can in turn serve as starting materials for other Cu(III) complexes.

15.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; (7): 854-6, 2005 Feb 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15700059

ABSTRACT

Under the conditions of a rapid injection experiment, the conjugate addition reactions of butyl Gilman reagents with 2-cyclohexenone undergo oscillations of a complex nature.


Subject(s)
Copper/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds , Cyclohexanones/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Time Factors
16.
J Am Chem Soc ; 124(46): 13650-1, 2002 Nov 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12431075

ABSTRACT

Rapid-injection is a very useful technique for the preparation of temperature-sensitive and air-sensitive compounds in the cold, nitrogen-filled probe of an NMR spectrometer. We have used this method to prepare solutions of pi-complexes from 2-cyclohexenone and prototypical cuprates Me2CuLi.LiI and Me2CuLi.LiCN, and we have assigned structures on the basis of 1H and 13C NMR. In each case two pi-complexes were observed, and in the former, their rates of formation were measured by rapid-injection 1H NMR and EXSY spectroscopy. These results provide insights into the normal and anomalous conjugate addition reactions of organocuprates.

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