Biodiversity effects and rates of spread of nonnative eucalypt woodlands in central California.

Woodlands comprised of planted, nonnative trees are increasing in extent globally, while native woodlands continue to decline due to human activities. The ecological impacts of planted woodlands may include changes to the communities of understory plants and animals found among these nonnative trees relative to native woodlands, as well as invasion of adjacent habitat areas through spread beyond the originally planted areas. Eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) are among the most widely planted trees worldwide, and are very common in California, USA. The goals of our investigation were to compare the biological communities of nonnative eucalypt woodlands to native oak woodlands in coastal central California, and to examine whether planted eucalypt groves have increased in size over the past decades. We assessed site and habitat attributes and characterized biological communities using understory plant, ground-dwelling arthropod, amphibian, and bird communities as indicators. Degree of difference between native and nonnative woodlands depended on the indicator used. Eucalypts had significantly greater canopy height and cover, and significantly lower cover by perennial plants and species richness of arthropods than oaks. Community composition of arthropods also differed significantly between eucalypts and oaks. Eucalypts had marginally significantly deeper litter depth, lower abundance of native plants with ranges limited to western North America, and lower abundance of amphibians. In contrast to these differences, eucalypt and oak groves had very similar bird community composition, species richness, and abundance. We found no evidence of "invasional meltdown," documenting similar abundance and richness of nonnatives in eucalypt vs. oak woodlands. Our time-series analysis revealed that planted eucalypt groves increased 271% in size, on average, over six decades, invading adjacent areas. Our results inform science-based management of California woodlands, revealing that while bird communities would probably not be affected by restoration of eucalypt to oak woodlands, such a restoration project would not only stop the spread of eucalypts into adjacent habitats but would also enhance cover by western North American native plants and perennials, enhance amphibian abundance, and increase arthropod richness.

Interdisciplinary education in the addictions: a commentary on the current status.

Educating doctors, nurses, pharmacists, dentists, and social workers in a shared, patient-centered curriculum, let alone in the same classrooms and clinics, would appear impractical at best and as an insurmountable task at worst. Nonetheless, this novel idea is being implemented. This article traces the concept's development. The proceedings of three national conferences held in 2010 and 2011 are briefly summarized. Several model programs are described. Interdisciplinary education in the addictions is in the early phases. Alternative and complementary forms of health care show less progress in interprofessional education. Two concerns are noted. These pertain to the timing of implementation and budget considerations.

Women's and children's exposure to mass disaster and terrorist attacks.

Published documents were used to identify women's and children's exposure experiences following two mass disasters and two terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States. Research reports, clinical needs assessments, and a case study were analyzed to determine the type and severity of women's and children's exposure. Research reports were given priority if pre-event/post-event data were reported, if the study reported was longitudinal in design, and if samples were representative of the populations from which they were drawn. Clinical needs assessments were included because these documents provide evidence of need for services by disaster victims. The case study selected was unique in the literature reviewed. The results showed that both the women's and children's severity of exposure was related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety. In studies that made gender comparisons, data collected from women and girls showed more negative mental health outcomes than data collected from men and boys. Implications for clinical practice and traumatic event policy are addressed. Longitudinal, prospective studies of potentially traumatic events (PTE) are needed to better understand the longer term plight of children, especially girls.

The role of public health in mental and behavioral health in children and families following disasters.

OBJECTIVES: Children and youth have been shown to be vulnerable to negative mental and behavioral health consequences following mass disasters and terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article was to identify the primary roles and responsibilities of public health agencies and systems that both promote resiliency and reduce the mental health risks to children and their families following disastrous events. METHODS: The authors conducted a review and synthesis of public and mental health research literatures, resources, and policies focused on mental and behavioral health outcomes in children and families in the aftermath of disasters. RESULTS: The available research evidence supported the contention that children experience heightened psychosocial vulnerabilities and lasting psychosocial burdens following disasters. The major roles that public health organizations and systems can play to both prevent and deter such harmful mental and behavioral health impacts of disasters during all phases of the disaster cycle were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The roles identified that public health organizations and systems can undertake included coordination and collaboration with various local and federal agencies, advocacy and promotion of community resilience, deterring harmful effects of disastrous events by assessment, screening, case finding and education, training of personnel, guiding interventions, formulating policy, and conducting research investigations.

Improving pediatric dosing through pediatric initiatives: what we have learned.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to review the impact of pediatric drug studies, as measured by the improvement in pediatric dosing and other pertinent information captured in the drug labeling. METHODS: We reviewed the pediatric studies for 108 products submitted (July 1998 through October 2005) in response to a Food and Drug Administration written request for pediatric studies, and the subsequent labeling changes. We analyzed the dosing modifications and focused on drug clearance as an important parameter influencing pediatric dosing. RESULTS: The first 108 drugs with new or revised pediatric labeling changes had dosing changes or pharmacokinetic information (n = 23), new safety information (n = 34), information concerning lack of efficacy (n = 19), new pediatric formulations (n = 12), and extended age limits (n = 77). A product might have had > or = 1 labeling change. We selected specific examples (n = 16) that illustrate significant differences in pediatric pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS: Critical changes in drug labeling for pediatric patients illustrate that unique pediatric dosing often is necessary, reflecting growth and maturational stages of pediatric patients. These changes provide evidence that pediatric dosing should not be determined by simply applying weight-based calculations to the adult dose. Drug clearance is highly variable in the pediatric population and is not readily predictable on the basis of adult information.

Methodological issues associated with group intervention research.

Interventions using a group format can be powerful treatment modalities. However, a review of nursing journals most likely to report the conduct of group research by nurses showed that less than 1% of nursing research reports used this approach and that none accounted for group-level effects in the analysis. This article discusses methodological issues inherent in group intervention research. We begin by offering examples of variables that can be incorporated into group research. We then present some challenges that researchers must address in collecting data when group formats are used. We end with recommendations for conducting group intervention research and by addressing issues associated with interpreting and reporting results.

"Black box" 101: How the Food and Drug Administration evaluates, communicates, and manages drug benefit/risk.

A prominently displayed boxed warning, the so-called "black box," is added to the labeling of drugs or drug products by the Food and Drug Administration when serious adverse reactions or special problems occur, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury. Healthcare providers are often not knowledgeable about the origin, meaning, and implications of these "black box" warnings. In this review, our goal is to provide insight into how the Food and Drug Administration evaluates, communicates, and manages drug benefit/risk. We discuss drug labeling, the emphasis on safety throughout the drug approval process, legislative initiatives for safe use of drugs in children, and postmarketing safety surveillance. In addition, we encourage health care providers to report drug reactions to the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch program. A discussion of new Food and Drug Administration initiatives to improve drug safety processes and methods to serve the public better are highlighted.

First record: a methodological approach to counter sampling bias.

One goal of survey research is to optimize sampling procedures so that the collected data will produce accurate population estimates. In this context, sampling bias is a primary threat to a study's validity. If individuals who do not respond are a random sample of the population, then the estimates obtained from such a subsample are unbiased. However, as the percentage of nonrespondents increases, the assumption of unbiased estimation becomes increasingly tenuous. At this point an investigator has two choices: delete all subjects who have not provided data as part of the first data collection, or allow a respondent's point of entry to define his baseline measures for the study. No previous discussion of the latter option has been noted in the methods literature. Therefore the authors have termed this approach to baseline the "first record". Conditions under which the "first record" technique would be appropriate or inappropriate are discussed.

Finding meaning in a child's violent death: a five-year prospective analysis of parents' personal narratives and empirical data.

Finding meaning in the death of a loved one is thought to be extremely traumatic when the circumstances surrounding the death is perceived to be due to negligence, is intentional, and when the deceased suffered extreme pain and bodily harm immediately prior to death. We addressed this assumption by obtaining personal narratives and empirical data from 138 parents 4, 12, 24, and 60 months after an adolescent's or young adult child's death by accident, suicide, or homicide. Using the Janoff-Bulman and Frantz's (1997) framework of meaning-as-comprehensibility and meaning-as-significance, the purposes were to identify the time course to find meaning, present parents' personal narratives describing finding meaning in their experiences, identify predictors of finding meaning, and compare parents who found meaning versus those who did not on five health and adjustment outcomes. The results showed that by 12 months post death, only 12% of the study sample had found meaning in a child's death. By 60 months post death, 57% of the parents had found meaning but 43% had not. Significant predictors of finding meaning 5 years post death were the use of religious coping and support group attendance. Parents who attended a bereavement support group were 4 times more likely to find meaning than parents who did not attend. Parents who found meaning in the deaths of their children reported significantly lower scores on mental distress, higher marital satisfaction, and better physical health than parents who were unable to find meaning. Recommendations for future research are made.

Suicide ideation among parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children.

Suicidal behaviors of parents bereaved by a child's suicide have received considerable attention by researchers, but deaths by other violent causes have not. We observed 175 bereaved parents for five years following three types of violent death: accidents, homicides, and suicides. The results showed that the incidence of suicidal ideation (SI) among the study parents was 13% (n = 34) over the 5 years and 9% (n = 24) at the initial data collection four months after the death of an adolescent or young adult child. Comparisons of study parents grouped by the presence or absence of SI showed that after corrections were made for the number of t-tests conducted, statistically significant differences on three of four outcome variables remained (mental distress, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], but not on acceptance of the child's death). The groups also differed significantly on four of seven mediating variables examined. The hypothesis that parents whose children died by suicide would report the highest incidence of suicidal ideation was not supported. Regression analyses showed that SI was a significant predictor of depression one year, but not five years, after the violent death of a child. The hypothesis that SI would predict both depression and PTSD one year postdeath was not supported. Clinical and policy recommendations are offered.

The prevalence of PTSD following the violent death of a child and predictors of change 5 years later.

In this study, we examined the violent death bereavement trajectories of 173 parents by following them prospectively for 5 years after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, homicide, or undetermined causes. Using latent growth curve methodology, we examined how the initial level of PTSD and the rate of change over time were influenced by 9 predictors: the deceased children's causes of death, parents' gender, self-esteem, 3 coping strategies, perceived social support, concurrent levels of mental distress, and an intervention offered in early bereavement. Six of the nine factors predicted initial levels of PTSD; however, only parents' gender and perceived social support predicted change in PTSD over the 5-year time frame. Five years postdeath, 3 times as many study mothers (27.7%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and twice as many study fathers (12.5%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD compared with the normative samples.

Bereaved parents' outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide: a comparative study demonstrating differences.

In this article, the authors revisit a controversial issue in the bereavement field: Does one violent cause of death of a child influence parents' outcomes more than another? To address this question, we observed 173 parents prospectively 4, 12, 24, and 60 months after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to examine the influence of three types of a child's violent death and time since death upon 4 parent outcomes (mental distress, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], acceptance of the child's death, and marital satisfaction). The results showed a significant interaction for the bereavement Group x Time effect for acceptance of death, a significant main effect for time for all four outcomes, and a significant main effect for group (homicide) for PTSD. Nearly 70% of the parents reported that it took either 3 or 4 years to put their children's death into perspective and continue with their own lives; however the child's cause of death did not significantly influence parents' sense of timing in this regard. Clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.

Challenging the myths about parents' adjustment after the sudden, violent death of a child.

PURPOSE: To examine three commonly held myths: (a) a child's death by suicide results in the worst parental outcomes compared with other causes of violent death, (b) divorce is not only more common among bereaved than nonbereaved married couples, it might be inevitable, and (c) "letting go and moving on" is an essential bereavement task needed for a satisfactory adjustment following the violent death of a child. DESIGN AND METHODS: Review of empirical evidence and critical reviews, review of Internet resources available to the general public, and the inclusion of original data obtained from a longitudinal, prospective study conducted by the authors. FINDINGS: Conclusive evidence was found to dispel two of the three myths, but sufficient evidence was not found to draw conclusions about the third myth regarding parents' adjustment to a child's suicidal death. CONCLUSIONS: Myths in regard to parental bereavement are resistant to disconfirming evidence and they appear to persist among professional practitioners and the general public despite contrary empirical evidence.

Patterns of mental distress following the violent death of a child and predictors of change over time.

We observed 173 parents bereaved by the violent death of an adolescent or young adult child. Data were collected 4, 12, 24, and 60 months postdeath. Using latent growth modeling, we examined how initial levels of mental distress and the rate of change over time are influenced by nine predictors: parents' gender, self-esteem, three coping strategies, perceived social support, negative life stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and an intervention offered in the early bereavement period. The results support a multiple-risk and -protective factor model of loss accommodation. Parents' gender, self-esteem, and affective and repressive coping were predictive of changes in mental distress over time. Although parents' initial levels of PTSD were the best predictor of baseline mental distress, they did not predict reductions in distress 5 years later. Theoretical, empirical, and clinical implications are discussed.

Psychosocial responses to biological and chemical terrorist threats and events. Implications for the workplace.

1. Both biological and chemical weapons (BCW) could potentially be used in future terrorist attacks on U.S. workplaces and communities. 2. Threats of BCW terrorism may lead to anxiety, adverse health effects, and the exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in workers and managers. 3. Actual BCW attacks will likely cause both acute and chronic mental disorders in a significant number of surviving victims who may also be employees or employers. 4. Occupational health nurses can help prevent or remediate maladaptive psychological responses by educating themselves and their work forces, assisting in a risk assessment of the workplace, understanding disaster planning, and assisting management in policy formulation and psychosocial triage.

Bereaved parents' use of individual, family, and community resources 4 to 60 months after a child's violent death.

We recruited a community-based sample of 261 parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their 12- to 28-year-old children. Parents were observed over time, and data were collected from several sources. The findings showed that of six individual, family, and community resources examined, none of the resources seemed to improve parents' outcomes either 1 or 5 years later. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Sources of occupational stress among firefighter / EMTs and firefighter / paramedics and correlations with job - related outcomes

Objective: This paper reports the results of an initial effort to develop and test a measure of the various sources of job-related stress in firefighter and paramedic emergency service workers. Methods: A 57-item paper and pencil measure of occupational stressors in firefighter/emergency medical technicians (EMT) and firefighter/paramedics was developed and administered by annonymous mail survery. results: More than 2,000 emergency service workers completed and returned the surverys. The responses of 1,730 firefighter/EMTs and 253 firefighter/paramedics were very similar in terms of the degree to which job stressors were bothersome. These sources of occupational stress (SOOS) factor scale scores essentially did not correlate with a measure of the social desirability test-taking bias. Finally SOOS factors were identified that correlated with job satisfaction and work-related with job satisfaction and work-related morale of the respondents. Conclusion: The findings suggest that firefighter and paramedic job stress is very complicated and multi-faceted. Based on this preliminary investigation, the SOOS instrument appears to have adequate reliability and concurrent validity (AU)