Unlocking Tomorrow's Health Care: Expanding the Clinical Scope of Wearables by Applying Artificial Intelligence.

As an integral aspect of healthcare, digital technology has enabled modeling of complex relationships to detect, screen, diagnose and predict patient outcomes. With massive datasets, Artificial Intelligence (AI) can have marked impact on three levels: for patients, clinicians, and health systems. In this review, we discuss contemporary AI enabled wearable devices undergoing research in the field of cardiovascular medicine. These include devices such as smart watches, ECG patches and smart textiles such as smart socks and chest sensors for diagnosis, management and prognostication of conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF) , heart failure (HF) and hypertension as well as monitoring for cardiac rehabilitation. We review the evolution of machine learning algorithms used in wearable devices from random forest models to the use of convolutional neural networks and transformers. We further discuss frameworks for wearable technologies such as the V3 stage process of verification, analytical validation and clinical validation as well as challenges of AI integration in medicine such as data veracity, validity, security and provide a reference framework to maintain fairness and equityy. Lastly clinician and patient perspectives are discussed to highlight the importance of considering end-user feedback in development and regulatory processes.

Ambulatory Monitoring of Cerebrovascular Responses to Upright Posture and Walking in Older Adults With Heart Failure.

Background: Insufficient cardiac output in individuals with heart failure (HF) limits daily functioning and reduces quality of life. Although lower cerebral perfusion, secondary to limitations in cardiac output, has been observed during moderate-intensity efforts, individuals with HF also may be at risk for lower perfusion during even low-intensity ambulatory activities. Methods: We determined whether HF is associated with an altered cerebrovascular response to low-intensity activities representative of typical challenges of daily living. In this study, we monitored central hemodynamics and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and cerebral tissue oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) in 10 individuals with HF (aged 78 ± 4 years; left ventricular ejection fraction 20%-61%) and 13 similar-aged controls (79 ± 8 years; 52%-73%) during 3 randomized transitions, as follows: (i) supine-to-standing; (ii) sitting-to-slow-paced over-ground walking; and (iii) sitting-to-normal-paced over-ground walking. Results: Throughout supine, sitting, standing, and both walking conditions, individuals with HF had lower cardiac index and cerebral tissue oxygenation than controls (P < 0.05), and MCAv was lower across the range of blood pressure in HF patients (P = 0.051) and during walking only (P = 0.011). Individuals with HF had an attenuated increase in stroke volume index and cardiac index during normal-paced walking, compared to controls (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The indices of cerebral perfusion from MCAv and cerebral oxygenation were lower during ambulatory activities in individuals with HF; however, relationships between MCAv and blood pressure were not different between those with HF and controls, indicating no difference in static cerebral autoregulation.

Contexte: Un débit cardiaque insuffisant chez les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque limite les activités quotidiennes et affecte la qualité de vie. Par exemple, des efforts d'intensité modérée ont été associés à une perfusion cérébrale affaiblie chez ces personnes. Or, il semble que même des activités ambulatoires de faible intensité soient susceptibles d'avoir les mêmes conséquences. Méthodologie: Nous voulions déterminer si l'insuffisance cardiaque est associée à une altération de la réponse cérébrovasculaire à des activités de faible intensité qui sont typiques de la vie quotidienne. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons surveillé l'hémodynamique centrale et la vitesse du sang dans l'artère cérébrale moyenne (VACM), ainsi que l'oxygénation tissulaire cérébrale (par spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge) chez 10 personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque (âge : 78 ± 4 ans; fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche de 20 à 61 %) et 13 témoins d'âge similaire (79 ± 8 ans; de 52 à 73 %) lors de 3 transitions réparties de façon aléatoire, soit : i) de la position couchée à debout; ii) de la position assise à une marche lente et iii) de la position assise à une marche à vitesse normale. Résultats: En position couchée, assise ou debout et avec les deux vitesses de marche, l'index cardiaque et l'oxygénation tissulaire cérébrale étaient plus faibles chez les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque que chez les témoins (p < 0,05); la VACM était plus faible dans toutes les plages de pression artérielle chez les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque (p = 0,051) et durant la marche seulement (p = 0,011). Les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque présentaient une plus faible augmentation du volume d'éjection systolique et de l'index cardiaque durant la marche à vitesse normale, comparativement aux témoins (p < 0,01). Conclusions: Les indices de la perfusion cérébrale selon la VACM et l'oxygénation cérébrale étaient réduits durant les activités ambulatoires chez les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque; cependant, les relations entre la VACM et la pression artérielle n'étaient pas différentes entre les personnes atteintes d'insuffisance cardiaque et les témoins, ce qui indique que l'autorégulation cérébrale statique n'est pas un facteur de différenciation.

Remote Mobile Outpatient Monitoring in Transplant (Reboot) 2.0: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The number of solid organ transplants in Canada has increased 33% over the past decade. Hospital readmissions are common within the first year after transplant and are linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Nearly half of these admissions to the hospital appear to be preventable. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies hold promise to reduce admission to the hospital and improve patient outcomes, as they allow real-time monitoring and timely clinical intervention. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether an innovative mHealth intervention can reduce hospital readmission and unscheduled visits to the emergency department or transplant clinic. Our second objective is to assess the use of clinical and continuous ambulatory physiologic data to develop machine learning algorithms to predict the risk of infection, organ rejection, and early mortality in adult heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Remote Mobile Outpatient Monitoring in Transplant (Reboot) 2.0 is a two-phased single-center study to be conducted at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada. Phase one will consist of a 1-year concealed randomized controlled trial of 400 adult heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients. Participants will be randomized to receive either personalized communication using an mHealth app in addition to standard of care phone communication (intervention group) or standard of care communication only (control group). In phase two, the prior collected data set will be used to develop machine learning algorithms to identify early markers of rejection, infection, and graft dysfunction posttransplantation. The primary outcome will be a composite of any unscheduled hospital admission, visits to the emergency department or transplant clinic, following discharge from the index admission. Secondary outcomes will include patient-reported outcomes using validated self-administered questionnaires, 1-year graft survival rate, 1-year patient survival rate, and the number of standard of care phone voice messages. RESULTS: At the time of this paper's completion, no results are available. CONCLUSIONS: Building from previous work, this project will aim to leverage an innovative mHealth app to improve outcomes and reduce hospital readmission in adult solid organ transplant recipients. Additionally, the development of machine learning algorithms to better predict adverse health outcomes will allow for personalized medicine to tailor clinician-patient interactions and mitigate the health care burden of a growing patient population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04721288; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04721288. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/26816.

Oral contraceptives and menstrual cycle influence autonomic reflex function.

Progesterone and its analogues are known to influence ventilation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous and pharmaceutical female sex hormones in ventilatory control during the activation of the metaboreflex, mechanoreflex, and CO2 chemoreflex. Women aged 18-30 taking (n = 14) or not taking (n = 12) oral contraceptives (OC and NOC, respectively) were tested in the low hormone (LH) and high hormone (HH) conditions corresponding to the early follicular and mid-luteal phases (NOC) or placebo and high-dose pills (OC). Women underwent three randomized trials: (a) 3 min of passive leg movement (PLM), (b) 2 min of 40% maximal voluntary handgrip exercise followed by 2 min of post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO), and (c) 5 min of breathing 5% CO2 . We primarily measured hemodynamics and ventilation. During PLM, the OC group had a smaller pressor response (p = .012). During PECO, the OC group similarly exhibited a smaller pressor response (p = .043) and also exhibited a greater ventilatory response (p = .024). Lastly, in response to breathing 5% CO2 , women in the HH phase had a greater ventilatory response (p = .022). We found that OC use attenuates the pressor response to both the metaboreflex and mechanoreflex while increasing the ventilatory response to metaboreflex activation. We also found evidence of an enhanced CO2 chemoreflex in the HH phase. We hypothesize that OC effects are from the chronic upregulation of pulmonary and vascular ß-adrenergic receptors. We further suggest that the increased cyclic progesterone in the HH phase enhances the chemoreflex.

Monocular 3D Sway Tracking for Assessing Postural Instability in Cerebral Hypoperfusion During Quiet Standing.

Postural instability is prevalent in aging and neurodegenerative disease, decreasing quality of life and independence. Quantitatively monitoring balance control is important for assessing treatment efficacy and rehabilitation progress. However, existing technologies for assessing postural sway are complex and expensive, limiting their widespread utility. Here, we propose a monocular imaging system capable of assessing sub-millimeter 3D sway dynamics during quiet standing. Two anatomical targets with known feature geometries were placed on the lumbar and shoulder. Upper and lower trunk 3D kinematic motion were automatically assessed from a set of 2D frames through geometric feature tracking and an inverse motion model. Sway was tracked in 3D and compared between control and hypoperfusion conditions in 14 healthy young adults. The proposed system demonstrated high agreement with a commercial motion capture system (error [Formula: see text], [-0.52, 0.52]). Between-condition differences in sway dynamics were observed in anterior-posterior sway during early and mid stance, and medial-lateral sway during mid stance commensurate with decreased cerebral perfusion, followed by recovered sway dynamics during late stance with cerebral perfusion recovery. This inexpensive single-camera system enables quantitative 3D sway monitoring for assessing neuromuscular balance control in weakly constrained environments.

Inflight leg cuff test does not identify the risk for orthostatic hypotension after long-duration spaceflight.

Landing day symptoms from orthostatic hypotension after prolonged spaceflight can be debilitating, but severity of these symptoms can be unpredictable and highly individual. We tested the hypothesis that an impaired baroreflex response to an inflight leg cuff test could predict orthostatic intolerance on return to Earth. Eight male astronauts (44 ± 7 years of age (mean ± SD); mean mission length: 167 ± 12 days) participated in a standardized supine-to-sit-to-stand test (5 min-30s-3 min) pre- and postflight, and a 3 min thigh cuff occlusion test pre- and inflight with continuous monitoring of heart rate and arterial blood pressure. The arterial baroreflex was not changed inflight as shown by similar reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) response to leg cuff deflation (preflight -19 ± 2 mmHg vs. inflight -18 ± 5 mmHg). With the sit/stand test, the nadir of MAP was lower postflight (-17 ± 9 mmHg) than preflight (-11 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05). A greater increase in heart rate (25 ± 7; 16 ± 3 bpm) and decrease in stroke volume (-24 ± 11; -6 ± 4 mL) occurred with sit/stand postflight than leg cuffs inflight (p < 0.001). Inflight testing was influenced by elevated cardiac output resulting in a smaller drop in total peripheral resistance. Two of eight subjects exhibited orthostatic hypotension during the postflight stand test; their responses were not predicted by the inflight leg cuff deflation test. These results suggest that the baroreflex response examined by inflight leg cuff deflation was not a reliable indicator of postflight stand responses.