Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical cancer in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is the commonest gynaecological malignancy and the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Several epidemiological, clinical and molecular studies have strongly implicated oncogenic high-risk human papillomavirus infection in the aetiopathogenesis of cervical cancer. The objectives of this study were to determine the cervical HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in cervical cancer in Maiduguri, Nigeria. METHODS: This was a descriptive and retrospective study. Sixty-three archived paraffin-embedded tissue blocks with confirmed diagnoses of cervical cancer during the study period (2013-2015) were retrieved and examined. The procedure included deparaffinization of tissue samples, DNA extraction, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and HPV genotyping by reverse hybridization line probe assay. RESULTS: Sixty-three cervical cancer cases were subjected to genomic DNA extraction and HPV-DNA detection by PCR. Fifty-eight samples showed PCR positivity while 5 samples were PCR negative. HPV-specific DNA was detected in 44 of the 58 PCR-positive samples and thus the prevalence was 69.8%. Ten different high-risk HPV genotypes were detected. Both single and multiple high-risk HPV infections were observed. The most prevalent type of the human papillomavirus detected was HPV16. CONCLUSION: HPV-DNA was prevalent in majority of the examined cervical cancer tissues and that HPV16, HPV18, HPV45, HPV51 and HPV52 were the predominant HPVs detected in both single and multiple HPV infections. The results of this study and further studies will provide more detailed information about HPV and may contribute significantly to the prevention of cervical cancer through primary high-risk HPV testing and HPV vaccination against the oncogenic viruses.

Placental malaria and neonatal anti-tetanus antibody status: any association?

Background. Neonatal tetanus(NT) has remained an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the tropics where high prevalence of placental malaria coexists. The current strategy for the control of NT involves stimulating production of protective level of anti-tetanus antibody in the mother, through tetanus toxoid immunization, and transferring same through the placental to the foetus. Placental malaria is known to alter the morphology and functions of the placenta, but the effect on transfer of anti-tetanus antibody specifically, remains unsettled. We studied the influence of placental malaria on transplacental transfer of anti-tetanus antibodies among mother-infant pairs at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital North-Eastern Nigeria.Method. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected from 162 mother-baby pair and analysed for anti-tetanus antibody levels using ELISA. Placental biopsy was also taken from each mother-baby pair and placental malaria diagnosed histologically.Results. One hundred and sixteen (71.6%) of the 162 mother-infant pairs were positive for placental malaria out of which 59(50.9%) had chronic-active, 44 (37.9%) acute and 13 (11.2%) had past placental malaria. Forty-one (25.3%) babies were classified as seronegative for tetanus antibodies of whom 32 were delivered to mothers who were positive for placental malaria. Fifty-six (34.5%) mother-infant pairs had poor placental transfer for tetanus antibodies as signified by cord-maternal ratio of < 1.0 antibodies, out of these, 40 (24.7%) were positive for placental malaria. There was statistically significant association between type of placental malaria and serostatus (p = 0.0009) and efficiency of placental transfer (p = 0.0340). Mothers with chronic-active malaria were 7.4 times more likely to deliver a seronegative infant compared to mothers with acute malaria (p = 0.0002, OR =7.353, 95% CI = 2.327 -23.25). Similarly, maternal-infant pair with chronic-active malaria were 2.9 times more likely to have inefficient placental transfer (p = 0.0221, OR = 2.859, 95% CI = 1.200 ­ 6,859).Conclusion. Placental malaria has remained a very common medical condition in Maiduguri among pregnant women and may partly account for the high level of neonatal tetanus prevalent in the area