Addressing the Gap: Racial Disparities and Public Health Strategies in the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal. These tumors bridge the nervous system and muscular layers of the gastrointestinal tract, playing a crucial role in the digestive process. The incidence of GISTs demonstrates notable variations across different racial and ethnic groups, underscoring the need for in-depth analysis to understand the interplay of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors behind these disparities. Linear regression analysis is a pivotal statistical tool in such epidemiological studies, offering insights into the temporal dynamics of disease incidence and the impact of public health interventions. Methodology This investigation employed a detailed dataset from 2009 to 2020, documenting GIST incidences across Asian, African American, Hispanic, and White populations. A meticulous preprocessing routine prepared the dataset for analysis, which involved data cleaning, normalization of racial terminologies, and aggregation by year and race. Linear regression models and Pearson correlation coefficients were applied to analyze trends and correlations in GIST incidences across the different racial groups, emphasizing an understanding of temporal patterns and racial disparities in disease incidence. Results The study analyzed GIST cases among four racial groups, revealing a male predominance (53.19%) and an even distribution of cases across racial categories: Whites (27.66%), Hispanics (25.53%), African Americans (24.47%), and Asians (22.34%). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (32.98%), followed by heart failure (28.72%). The linear regression analysis for Asians showed a decreasing trend in GIST incidences with a slope of -0.576, an R-squared value of 0.717, and a non-significant p-value of 0.153. A significant increasing trend was observed for Whites, with a slope of 0.581, an R-squared value of 0.971, and a p-value of 0.002. African Americans exhibited a moderate positive slope of 0.277 with an R-squared value of 0.470 and a p-value of 0.201, indicating a non-significant increase. Hispanics showed negligible change over time with a slope of -0.095, an R-squared value of 0.009, and a p-value of 0.879, suggesting no significant trend. Conclusions This study examines GIST incidences across racial groups, revealing significant disparities. Whites show an increasing trend (p = 0.002), while Asians display a decreasing trend (p = 0.153), with stable rates in African Americans and Hispanics. Such disparities suggest a complex interplay of genetics, environment, and socioeconomic factors, highlighting the need for targeted research and interventions that address these differences and the systemic inequalities influencing GIST outcomes.

A Double-Edged Sword: Quality and Credibility of Colon Cancer Screening Content on YouTube.

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant public health challenge globally, with its pathogenesis involving the transformation of benign adenomas into malignant carcinomas. Despite advancements in screening and early detection significantly improving outcomes, the rise of digital platforms like YouTube for disseminating health information presents new challenges. Concerns over the accuracy and reliability of content underline the necessity for rigorous evaluation of these digital health education tools. Methods Our study was conducted at Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York. We meticulously analyzed YouTube videos on "colon cancer screening awareness," employing strict selection criteria to ensure both relevance and quality, focusing on English-language content with pertinent audio. Videos were evaluated for their quantitative and qualitative attributes-views, subscriber counts, likes/dislikes, comments, and content type, classifying them as scholarly or personal. We assessed video credibility through scientific accuracy using the DISCERN instrument, Global Quality Score (GQS), and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), ensuring consistency in quality and reliability evaluation among seven researchers via the intraclass correlation coefficient. These tools - DISCERN for assessing reliability and quality, GQS for evaluating overall quality, and PEMAT for understandability and actionability - facilitated a comprehensive evaluation framework. Our analysis, leveraging descriptive and inferential statistics, scrutinized differences in content quality between academic and private institutions, employing t-tests to identify statistically significant disparities. The study utilized Microsoft Excel (version 16.73, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 29.0 (released 2022; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). for robust data processing and analysis, confirming the educational value and trustworthiness of the examined YouTube content. Results Our study of 156 YouTube videos on educational content, split between academic (68 videos) and private sources (88 videos), revealed significant quality differences. Using the DISCERN, PEMAT, and GQS metrics, academic videos consistently outperformed private ones, with significant margins: DISCERN (54.61 vs. 34.76), PEMAT (3.02 vs. 2.11), and GQS (3.90 vs. 2.02), supported by low p-values indicating a statistically significant superiority. These findings suggest that the source of content-academic versus private-plays a crucial role in determining the quality and reliability of educational materials on platforms like YouTube, highlighting the academic sector's commitment to higher educational standards. Conclusion The study emphasizes the critical role of credible sources in enhancing the quality of health education content on YouTube, particularly concerning CRC screening. The superiority of academic institutions in providing high-quality content suggests a need for viewers to critically assess the source of information. It also calls for enhanced regulatory oversight and measures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of health information online.

Understanding the Landscape: The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), ChatGPT, and Google Bard in Gastroenterology.

Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) integration in healthcare, specifically in gastroenterology, has opened new avenues for enhanced patient care and medical decision-making. This study aims to assess the reliability and accuracy of two prominent AI tools, ChatGPT 4.0 and Google Bard, in answering gastroenterology-related queries, thereby evaluating their potential utility in medical settings. Methods The study employed a structured approach where typical gastroenterology questions were input into ChatGPT 4.0 and Google Bard. Independent reviewers evaluated responses using a Likert scale and cross-referenced them with guidelines from authoritative gastroenterology bodies. Statistical analysis, including the Mann-Whitney U test, was conducted to assess the significance of differences in ratings. Results ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated higher reliability and accuracy in its responses than Google Bard, as indicated by higher mean ratings and statistically significant p-values in hypothesis testing. However, limitations in the data structure, such as the inability to conduct detailed correlation analysis, were noted. Conclusion The study concludes that ChatGPT 4.0 outperforms Google Bard in providing reliable and accurate responses to gastroenterology-related queries. This finding underscores the potential of AI tools like ChatGPT in enhancing healthcare delivery. However, the study also highlights the need for a broader and more diverse assessment of AI capabilities in healthcare to leverage their potential in clinical practice fully.

Hepatitis C Prevalence on the Rise but Screening at Safety Net Institutions Lagging behind.

Introduction: In the United States, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading contributor to liver-related illnesses and fatalities. Despite effective antiviral medications, acute infections have increased in recent years, likely due to IV drug use and the opioid epidemic. Previous guidelines recommended one-time screening for individuals born between 1945 and 1965. The CDC now recommends screening all adults over 18 unless there is a low prevalence in the area. Accurate measurement of HCV prevalence is essential for targeted prevention. In New York, over 100,000 individuals have HCV. We present data on HCV screening at a safety net hospital in Long Island, NY. Objective: To identify screening rates for hepatitis C and the exposure prevalence and specific demographics of a community in Long Island, NY. Methods: We performed a review of all patients seen in our hospital from 2012 to 2019. We identified patients born in the years 1945 to 1965 using our electronic medical record (EMR) system and subsequently analyzed those who were anti-HCV positive. We reviewed their demographics, including age, gender, and ethnicity, as well as their history of intravenous drug use and HIV coinfection status. Basic statistical analysis was used. Results: Our study identified 21,722 patients born between 1945 and 1965 and found that only 8.5% or 1,858 individuals were screened for hepatitis C. Among them, we found that 5.9% (109) tested positive for HCV antibody, with 3.0% (56) having an active infection. Demographic characteristics of those with HCV antibodies included 70.6% male, 53.2% Caucasian, 33.9% Black, and 15.6% persons who inject drugs (PWID). Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that a significant portion of patients in our community had missed opportunities for screening in our hospital. Our community had an estimated 5.9% prevalence, higher than the national and state averages. Caucasian men had higher prevalences. This study suggests the need for broader screening initiatives and more focused resource allocation, perhaps to safety net institutions, to decrease the burden of HCV.

An Adult With Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver: A Case Report of a Rare Encounter.

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare, aggressive tumor mainly found in children but can also appear in adults. Its diagnosis in adults remains a conundrum; it is often identified late due to its non-specific symptoms and resemblance to benign lesions. A comprehensive treatment regimen involving surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and possibly radiation significantly boosts survival rates. Imaging often yields inconclusive outcomes, further complicating the diagnostic process. Here, we report the case of a 28-year-old female diagnosed with UESL, emphasizing the need for timely intervention. Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver requires differentiation from a variety of hepatic tumors in adults. Though there are no distinctive characteristics to differentiate UESL from other hepatic masses, its morphology and immunohistochemical profiles significantly vary. The staging often reveals UESL as a large, well-defined mass with the potential for diverse differentiation. Its prognosis has been considerably improved with the advent of multidisciplinary treatment. Surgical resection remains a cornerstone, often combined with chemotherapy. While pediatric cases exhibit better overall survival rates than adults, outcomes heavily depend on the chosen treatment regimen. A combination of chemotherapy and complete tumor removal has been found to significantly elevate survival chances. Disease recurrence remains a challenge and is influenced by treatment strategy. In conclusion, the diagnosis and treatment of UESL are fraught with challenges, particularly in adults. A multidimensional approach, combining various therapies, is paramount for better outcomes. Continuous research and enhanced awareness are crucial for improving diagnostic precision and treatment outcomes for UESL patients.

Unpacking the Racial Gap: Helicobacter pylori Infection Clearance Among Different Racial Groups.

Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacteria causing chronic stomach infections, influenced by various factors, including host traits and bacterial virulence. It uses both urease-dependent and independent mechanisms to survive acidic gastric environments. Management entails diagnosis, treatment, and eradication verification. Combining drugs is key to overcoming resistance and ensuring bacteria elimination, thus preventing recurrence and complications. H. Pylori eradication mitigates gastric cancer risk and alleviates symptoms. Racial disparities persist despite declining H. pylori and gastric cancer incidence in the United States (US). African Americans (AA) have higher gastric cancer risks than non-Hispanic Whites. Addressing these disparities is crucial to protect high-risk populations. Methods This study retrospectively compiled H. pylori infection data from 2009 to 2022, categorized by race. Propensity score matching balanced initial group characteristics before analysis. Chi-squared and odds ratio tests were used on the cohort, with Kaplan Meier and Log Rank methods evaluating disease clearance in ethnic groups. Data were extracted from the Sunrise Electronic Medical Record software, including patient demographics, health details, and treatment specifics. Patients aged 18-65 with H. pylori infection at Nassau University Medical Center, who followed their treatment, were selected. Data were processed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and RStudio software. Results The study initially included 10,040 H. pylori-diagnosed patients, with 9,288 meeting the study's criteria after attrition. Predominantly female (64.7%), the cohort was racially diverse. A longer disease clearance time was noted among Hispanics (p=0.044). Binomial logistic regression analysis identified influential factors like high school graduation rates, poverty level income, and language proficiency on disease clearance. An odds ratio analysis further emphasized language barriers (HR 0.346, p=0.043) and education status (HR 0.756, p=0.025) as primary covariates impacting disease clearance, underlining the role of socio-economic factors and language proficiency in health outcomes. Conclusion The study highlights racial disparities in H. pylori clearance rates, particularly among Hispanics, necessitating culturally sensitive interventions. It advocates for improved diagnostics, increased healthcare access, and social determinants of health-focused initiatives. It identifies socio-economic status and language proficiency as key factors impacting health outcomes, calling for actions to bridge these disparities. Addressing these differences can decrease healthcare inequalities and economic burden, improving overall health outcomes and reducing costs associated with H. pylori clearance.

The Path to Sustainable Healthcare: Implementing Care Transition Teams to Mitigate Hospital Readmissions and Improve Patient Outcomes.

Introduction Hospital readmissions within 30 days suggest care quality issues and increased mortality risks. They result from ineffective initial treatment, poor discharge planning, and inadequate post-acute care. These high readmission rates harm patient outcomes and financially strain healthcare institutions, inviting penalties and discouraging potential patients. Enhancing inpatient care, care transitions, and case management is crucial to lowering readmissions. Our research underscores the role of care transition teams in reducing readmissions and financial stress in hospitals. By consistently applying transition strategies and focusing on high-quality care, we can improve patient outcomes and ensure hospital success in the long run. Methods This two-phase study investigated readmission rates and risk factors in a community hospital from May 2017 to November 2022. Phase 1 determined a baseline readmission rate and identified individual risk factors using logistic regression. In phase 2, a care transition team addressed these factors by providing post-discharge patient support through phone calls and assessing social determinants of health (SDOH). Readmission data from the intervention period was compared to baseline data using statistical tests. Data, including demographics, medical conditions, and comorbidities, were collected via electronic medical records and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 codes). The study focused on patients aged 20-80 with readmissions within 30 days. Exclusions were made to minimize confounding effects from unmeasured comorbidities and ensure an accurate representation of factors affecting readmissions. Results In the study's initial phase, 74,153 patients participated, with an 18% mean readmission rate. Women accounted for 46% of readmissions, and the white population had the highest rate (49%). The 40-59 age group showed a higher readmission rate than other age groups, and certain health factors were identified as risk factors for 30-day readmission. In the subsequent phase, a care transition team intervened with high-risk groups using an SDOH questionnaire. They contacted 432 patients, resulting in a reduced overall readmission rate of 9%. The 60-79 age group and the Hispanic population experienced higher readmission rates, and the previously identified health factors remained significant risk factors. Conclusion This study emphasizes the crucial role of care transition teams in reducing hospital readmission rates and easing the financial strain on healthcare institutions. By identifying and addressing individual risk factors, the care transition team effectively lowered the overall readmission rate from 18% to 9%. Continually implementing transition strategies and prioritizing high-quality care focused on minimizing readmissions are essential for improving patient outcomes and long-term hospital success. Healthcare providers should consider utilizing care transition teams and social determinants of health assessments to better understand and manage risk factors and tailor post-discharge support for patients at higher risk of readmission.

Navigating the Esophagus: Effective Strategies for Foreign Body Removal.

Foreign body ingestion is a common medical emergency that can affect individuals of all ages and can be caused by various factors, including accidental ingestion, psychiatric disorders, intellectual disabilities, and substance abuse. The most common site for foreign body lodgment is the upper esophagus, followed by the middle esophagus, stomach, pharynx, lower esophagus, and duodenum. This article provides a case report of a 43-year-old male patient with a history of schizoaffective disorder and an indwelling suprapubic catheter who presented to the hospital due to foreign body ingestion. After examination, a metal clip from his Foley catheter was found lodged in his esophagus. The patient was intubated for the procedure, and an emergent endoscopic removal was performed to remove the metallic Foley component. No postoperative complications were observed, and the patient was successfully discharged. This case highlights the importance of considering foreign body ingestion in patients with chest pain, dysphagia, and vomiting. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent potential complications such as perforation or gastrointestinal tract obstruction. The article also emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to know the different risk factors, variations, and common sites for foreign body lodgment to optimize patient care. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care involving psychiatry and surgery to provide comprehensive care to patients with psychiatric disorders who may be at higher risk for foreign body ingestion. In conclusion, foreign body ingestion is a typical medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. This case report highlights the successful management of a patient with foreign body ingestion and emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary care to optimize patient outcomes.

Healthcare Disparities and Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Exploring the Linkages.

Introduction Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to blood loss from a gastrointestinal (GI) source proximal or above the ligament of Treitz. Health equity means giving everyone an equal chance to achieve optimal health by addressing injustices, overcoming barriers, and eliminating health disparities. Healthcare providers must analyze racial and ethnic disparities in UGIB management to ensure all patients receive equal care. Identifying risk factors in specific populations leads to tailored interventions that improve outcomes. Our study aims to examine trends and identify disparities in upper gastrointestinal bleeding across races and ethnicities to promote health equity. Methods Retrospective data on upper gastrointestinal bleeding from June 2009 to June 2022 were collected and categorized into five groups based on race. The baseline characteristics of each group were matched to ensure equitable comparison. A joinpoint regression model was used to compare incidence trends, identifying potential healthcare disparities for different racial/ethnic groups over time. Patients aged 18-75 who suffered from upper gastrointestinal bleeding at Nassau University Medical Center in New York from 2010 to 2021 were selected, excluding those with incomplete baseline comorbidity information. Results This study examined 5103 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, with 41.9% female. The cohort was diverse, with 29.4% African American, 15.6% Hispanic, 45.3% White, 6.8% Asian, and 2.9% of other races. Data were split into two groups; 49.9% occurred between 2009 and 2015 and 50.1% between 2016 and 2022. Findings showed increased UGIB among Hispanics and decreased bleeding among Asians during 2016-2021 compared to 2009-2015. However, no significant difference was found for African Americans, Whites, and other races. In addition, Hispanics had a rise in the annual percentage change (APC) rate, whereas Asians had a decrease. Conclusion Our study examined trends in upper gastrointestinal bleeding and potential healthcare disparities across races and ethnicities. Our findings highlight an increased incidence of UGIB in Hispanics and a decreased incidence in Asians. Additionally, we identified a significant increase in the annual percentage change rate in Hispanics and a decrease in Asians over time. Our study underscores the importance of identifying and addressing disparities in UGIB management to promote health equity. Future research can build on these findings to develop tailored interventions that improve patient outcomes.

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Liver Function: Insights From a Single-Institute Study.

Introduction SARS-CoV-2 can cause respiratory and extrapulmonary complications, including liver injury. Therefore, understanding the virus's impact on the liver and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine's protective effect is crucial, given the correlation between hepatic involvement and disease severity. Our study aims to evaluate this relationship and the impact of vaccination on liver injury in COVID-19-infected patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study analyzed liver function outcomes in COVID-19-infected patients who received two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA vaccine from October 2019 to October 2021. The study population was matched based on baseline characteristics, and Fisher's T-test was used for analysis. Secondary outcomes included COVID-19-related death, hospital stay, and SARS-CoV-2 infection after the second dose. SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and RStudio (RStudio, PBC, Boston, USA) software were utilized to ensure robust statistical analysis. Results A group of 78 patients with a propensity score were matched and analyzed, resulting in two groups of 39 patients each: vaccinated and unvaccinated. The vaccinated group had a lower incidence of liver injury, reduced length of stay, and mortality. The study suggests that COVID-19 vaccination can positively impact infected patients. These findings should be considered when making decisions about vaccine distribution and usage, and more research is needed to fully understand the vaccine's impact on ending the pandemic. Conclusion This study emphasizes the COVID-19 vaccine's significance in reducing liver injury and related outcomes, such as length of stay and mortality in infected patients. The results provide further evidence of vaccination benefits, with implications for healthcare professionals and policymakers. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of COVID-19's complex effects on the liver and the vaccine's impact. Investing in research can inform clinical management, improve patient outcomes, and ultimately help end the pandemic.

MELD-Na score, Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and SOFA score and their association with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients with liver injury: A retrospective single-center study.

Background: The Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease modified for Sodium concentration (MELD-Na) scores are validated to predict disease mortality. We studied the prognostic utility of these scoring systems in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with liver injury. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 291 confirmed COVID-19 and liver injury patients requiring intensive care unit level of care. These patients required supplemental oxygen requirement with fraction of inspired oxygen >55% and/or the use of vasopressor. MELD-Na, SOFA, and APACHE-II scores were adjusted. Outcomes were mortality and length of stay (LOS). Results: SOFA (odds ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.98, P < 0.05) was associated with decreased odds for mortality. APACHE-II and MELD-Na were not associated with mortality or LOS. Conclusions: We suggest that the novel nature of COVID-19 necessitates new scoring systems to predict outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients with liver injury.

The Impact of Hepatic Cirrhosis on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis.

We aimed to study the impact of Hepatic Cirrhosis (HC) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our study is a retrospective cohort study using the 2016-2017 National Readmission Database (NRD). NRD is part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), organized and supported by means of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Patients were included if they were 18 years or older and had a principal diagnosis of COPD based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10- CM) codes and had a secondary diagnosis of HC. A total of 505,004 patients were included in the study with a diagnosis of COPD, 6196 (1.23%) of whom had HC. HC was found to be more common amongst male patients between the ages of 50 and 65 years. Medicare beneficiaries with high comorbidity burden, lower socioeconomic status, and those who received treatment in a large urban teaching hospital also had higher rates of HC. Patients with HC and COPD correlated to an increase of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR: 2.21, p<0.001) and 30-day hospital readmission rate (aOR: 1.23, p<0.001) compared with patients without HC. The in-hospital mortality rate was higher during readmission compared with index admissions (5.01% versus 2.16%; p<0.001). In addition, HC was associated with higher morbidity including prolonged mechanical ventilation (aOR: 1.39, p<0.001), resource utilization with prolong length of stay (LOS) (adjusted mean difference (aMD: 0.51, p<0.001), higher total hospitalization charges (aMD: 4967, p<0.001), and costs (aMD: 1200, p<0.001). Both patient groups had similar odds of being intubated (aOR: 1.18, p-0.13), tracheostomy (aOR: 0.81, p-069) and bronchoscopy rates (aOR: 1.27, p-0.36). The most common causes of hospital readmission were found to be COPD with acute exacerbation (19.7%), sepsis, unspecified organism (6.0%, acute and chronic respiratory failure with hypoxia (4.2%), acute on chronic systolic heart failure (3.9%), and hepatic failure, unspecified coma (3.1%). Various autonomous prognosticators of readmission were sex (particularly female), alcohol dependence, LOS greater than 7 days, lower comorbidity burden, and discharge to short term hospital or against medical advice. On the other hand, males, patients without a history of alcohol dependence, greater comorbidity burden, and LOS fewer than 3 days, were less likely to be readmitted.  We found that HC is related to higher in-hospital mortality, LOS, increased mechanical ventilation, resource utilization with prolonged LOS, hospital costs, odds of intubation, and tracheostomy and bronchoscopy rates. Our study aims to shed light on the impact of HC on COPD in hopes to improve future management.

Hiatus Hernia: A Rare Cause of Acute Pancreatitis.

Hiatal hernia (HH) is the herniation of elements of the abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. A giant HH with pancreatic prolapse is very rare and its causing pancreatitis is an even more extraordinary condition. We describe a case of a 65-year-old man diagnosed with acute pancreatitis secondary to pancreatic herniation. In these cases, acute pancreatitis may be caused by the diaphragmatic crura impinging upon the pancreas and leading to repetitive trauma as it crosses the hernia; intermittent folding of the main pancreatic duct; ischemia associated with stretching at its vascular pedicle; or total pancreatic incarceration. Asymptomatic hernia may not require any treatment, while multiple studies have supported the recommendation of early elective repair as a safer route in symptomatic patients. In summary, though rare, pancreatic herniation should be considered as a cause of acute pancreatitis. A high index of suspicion for complications is warranted in cases like these.

Erosive Esophagitis in the Obese: The Effect of Ethnicity and Gender on Its Association.

Background. Data examining the association between obesity and erosive esophagitis (ErE) have been inconsistent, with very little known about interracial variation. Goals. To examine the association between obesity and ErE among patients of different ethnic/racial backgrounds. Methods. The study sample included 2251 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The effects of body mass index (BMI) on ErE were assessed by gender and in different ethnic groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results. The prevalence of ErE was 29.4% (661/2251). Overweight and obese subjects were significantly more likely to have ErE than individuals with a normal BMI, with the highest risk seen in the morbidly obese (OR 6.26; 95% CI 3.82-10.28; p < 0.0001). Normal weight Black patients were less likely to have ErE as compared to Caucasians (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.27-0.79; p = 0.005), while the odds ratio comparing normal weight Hispanics to normal weight Whites was not statistically significant. No effect modification was seen between BMI and race/ethnicity or BMI and gender. Significant trends were seen in each gender and ethnicity. Conclusions. The effect of BMI on ErE does not appear to vary by race/ethnicity or gender.

Association between caffeine consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Caffeine consumption is reported to be associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between caffeine consumption and prevalence or hepatic fibrosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in observational studies. METHODS: We searched the literature of all languages from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library from 1 January 1980 through 10 January 2015. Total caffeine consumption was defined as the daily intake of caffeine (mg/day) from all caffeine-containing products. Combined and subgroup analyses stratified by study designs, study locations, and type of caffeine intake were performed. RESULTS: Four cross-sectional and two case control studies with a total of 20,064 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Among these, three studies with 18,990 subjects were included in the analysis for prevalence of NAFLD while the other three studies with 1074 subjects were for hepatic fibrosis. Total caffeine consumption (mg/day) was not significantly associated with either the prevalence [pooled mean difference (MD) 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) -35.92 to 40.64] or hepatic fibrosis (higher versus lower stages; pooled MD -39.95; 95% CI -132.72 to 52.82) of NAFLD. Subgroup analyses stratified by study designs and locations were also not significant. However, after stratifying by type of caffeine intake, regular coffee caffeine intake (mg/day) was significantly associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis of NAFLD (pooled MD -91.35; 95% CI -139.42 to -43.27; n = 2 studies). CONCLUSION: Although total caffeine intake is not associated with the prevalence or hepatic fibrosis of NAFLD, regular coffee caffeine consumption may significantly reduce hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.

Low bone mineral density linked to colorectal adenomas: a cross-sectional study of a racially diverse population.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that lower bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with an increased risk for colorectal adenoma/cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between osteopenia and/or osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas in patients from a New York community hospital. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional observational study on 200 patients who underwent screening colonoscopies and bone density scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) at Nassau University Medical Center from November 2009 to March 2011. Among these, 83 patients were identified as osteoporosis (T score of -2.5 or below) and 67 were osteopenia (T score between -1.0 and -2.5). Logistic regression model was performed to assess the association between osteopenia and/or osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas. RESULTS: Among the patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis, the mean ages were 59.1 years [standard deviation (SD) =8.9] and 61.5 (SD =8.9), respectively. There were 94.0%, 85.1% and 74.7% women, respectively, in normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups. The prevalence of colorectal adenomas was 17.9% and 25.3% in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups, respectively, and 18.0% in the normal BMD group. After adjustment for potential confounders including age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), tobacco use, alcohol use, history of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, osteoporosis was found to be associated with presence of colorectal adenomas more than 2, compared to the normal BMD group. No significant associations were found for the prevalence, size, and location of adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that osteoporosis is significantly associated with the presence of multiple colorectal adenomas. Prospective studies with a larger sample size are warranted in the future.

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal adenoma: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The association between NAFLD and colorectal adenoma has been investigated in multiples studies but the results have been conflicting. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate this in asymptomatic patients who underwent screening colonoscopy. METHODS: We searched the literatures of all languages from PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library from January 1, 1980 through July 15, 2014. Combined and subgroup analyses stratified by study designs, study locations, characteristics of adenoma (location, size, number, and advanced adenoma) were performed. RESULTS: Four cross-sectional and one cohort studies with a total of 6,263 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. NAFLD was significantly associated with colorectal adenoma [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-1.97]. The association was more significant in Asian population (pooled OR =1.77, 95% CI: 1.52-2.05, n=3 studies), compared to European/North American population (pooled OR =1.42, 95% CI: 0.75-2.67, n=2 studies). NAFLD was significantly associated with the number of colorectal adenoma (pooled OR =1.78, 95% CI: 1.10-2.86, n=2 studies), but not the location, size, or presence of advanced adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest NAFLD is significantly associated with the presence of colorectal adenoma in asymptomatic patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. This finding provides additional risk stratifications for applying colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies. However, more studies of western population are needed to further investigate the ethnic disparity.

The association of H. pylori and colorectal adenoma: does it exist in the US Hispanic population?

BACKGROUND: Although data on the association between colorectal adenomas and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) exists in White and Black patients, there is no data on this association in a US Hispanic population. Our aim was to study the association of adenoma detection and biopsy proven H. pylori infection in a cohort of US Hispanics. METHODS: Data were collected from Nassau University Medical Center, a 530-bed tertiary care teaching hospital in East Meadow, New York. Patients who underwent both an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy from July 2009 to March 2011 were pulled from an electronic database. A total of 1,737 patients completed colonoscopies during this time with 95 excluded: 17 inflammatory bowel disease, 12 malignancy, 22 prior history of colorectal adenoma, and 44 incomplete. Among the colonoscopies, 799 patients had EGD's performed prior to colonoscopies that were eligible for our study. RESULTS: H. pylori prevalence was highest in Hispanics 40.9%, followed by Blacks 29.1% (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42-0.84), then Whites 7.9% (OR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.24). The adenoma detection rate was significantly higher in Whites 23.2% and Blacks 21.8% compared to Hispanics 14.5%, P=0.0002 respectively. Smoking and alcohol were lower in the H. pylori group, 18.6% (n=44) vs. 26.1% (n=147) for smoking (P=0.02) and 14.4% (n=34) vs. 19% (n=107) for alcohol (P=0.12), respectively. There was no evidence in the Hispanics for an association between adenoma detection and H. pylori infection. Furthermore size, location, and multiple polyps did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: While data has shown an association between H. pylori and colorectal adenomas, we did not find this in our Hispanic population. With the growing population of Hispanics in the U.S, large scale studies are needed to conclusively characterize the role of H. pylori infection in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma in this group of patients.

Rectal ulcers and massive bleeding after hemorrhoidal band ligation while on aspirin.

Endoscopic hemorrhoidal band ligation is a well-established nonoperative method for treatment of bleeding internal hemorrhoids (grade 1 to 3). It is a safe and effective technique with a high success rate. Complications with this procedure are uncommon. Although rectal ulceration due to band ligation is a rare complication, it can cause life-threatening hemorrhage especially when patients are on medications which impair hemostasis like aspirin or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We present 2 cases of massive lower gastro-intestinal bleeding in patients who had a band ligation procedure performed 2 wk prior to the presentation and were on aspirin at home. Both the patients were hemodynamically unstable requiring resuscitation. They required platelet and blood transfusions and were found to have rectal ulcers on colonoscopy done subsequently. The rectal ulcers corresponded to the site of band ligation. The use of aspirin by these patients would have caused defects in the hemostasis and may have predisposed them to massive bleeding in the presence of rectal ulcers occurring after the band ligation procedure. Managing aspirin before and after the ligation may be difficult especially since adequate guidelines are unavailable. Stopping aspirin in all the cases might not be safe and the decision should be individualized.