ABSTRACT
To 41 boys and 29 girls (M age = 5.2 yr.) in a South African preschool a test of conservation of liquid was given. Analysis showed conservation skills had not been acquired as only 5 children showed such skills and only one knew why.
Subject(s)
Concept Formation , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Developing Countries , Problem Solving , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , South Africa , Visual PerceptionABSTRACT
Among 114 secondary school teachers there was no significant difference between the 55 who were satisfied with their salary and the 59 who were not, but the difference was significant between 37 who were satisfied with promotion and 73 who were not. There was no sex difference for either measure.
Subject(s)
Career Mobility , Developing Countries , Job Satisfaction , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Teaching , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , South AfricaABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which cheating in academic work occurs at this university. 58 participants registered for a postgraduate diploma in education responded to a questionnaire on cheating. Some students admitted engaging in every behaviour; however, the percentage of students so engaged was much lower than those reported among British and American institutions of higher learning. This may partly be attributed to respondents being reluctant to divulge their dishonesty.
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Developing Countries , Morals , Students/psychology , Adult , Education, Graduate , Female , Humans , Male , South AfricaABSTRACT
The present study explored reported awareness of AIDS among third-year majors in education. The 71 men and 93 women had a mean age of 24.7 yr. (SD = 4.7 yr.). Those who were aware outnumbered those who were not.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Awareness , Students/psychology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Adult , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , South AfricaABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine reports of wife battery by 81 male and 138 female Xhosa-speaking undergraduates in Transkei, South Africa among neighbours and relatives. Only 32 of 219 subjects admitted having witnessed such behaviour by their parents; 43 indicated that they approved wife battery; and 94 did not consider it a matter to be brought to the attention of police. For 136 it was not a sufficient reason for seeking divorce.
Subject(s)
Ethnicity/psychology , Spouse Abuse/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Humans , Male , South Africa , Spouse Abuse/psychology , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
Attitude , Battered Women/psychology , Domestic Violence/psychology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to explore the extent to which husband battering is practised among Xhosa-speaking women (n = 138) and men (n = 81) in Transkei. Analysis showed that husband battering is not an unknown sociological practice as a small number of women do in fact beat up their husbands. Contrary to conventional and cultural knowledge wife battering is not a one-way phenomenon although it is practised more widely.
Subject(s)
Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Self Disclosure , Sex Distribution , South Africa/epidemiology , Spouse Abuse/ethnologyABSTRACT
The objective was to explore how much 22 secretarial personnel (M age = 36.0 yr., SD = 4.8 yr.) at the University of Transkei, 14 of whom were unmarried, experienced stress in their work. Scores on a 20-item questionnaire indicated no occupational stress.
Subject(s)
Occupational Diseases/psychology , Stress, Psychological/complications , Universities , Workload/psychology , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , South Africa/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to explore self-reported stress experienced by secondary school teachers in Transkei, South Africa using a local unstandardized scale. Contrary to the literature on western teachers, an average rating of stress of 93.5 was reported by the 134 teachers, and no differences were noted between the 66 men and 68 women.
Subject(s)
Burnout, Professional/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Developing Countries , Stress, Psychological/complications , Teaching , Adult , Burnout, Professional/ethnology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory , South Africa , Stress, Psychological/ethnologyABSTRACT
The present study explored the association of scores on self-concept Self-description Inventory and locus of control (Academic Achievement Accountability) for 192 and 122 South African adolescent girls (M = 17.8 yr.) and boys (M = 19.0 yr.), respectively. For the whole group rs ranged from .00 to .29, confirming that scores on a self-concept scale especially designed for South African adolescent girls and boys are weakly associated with scores on the locus of control scale.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Internal-External Control , Personality Development , Self Concept , Adolescent , Black People , Female , Humans , Male , Personality Inventory , Poverty/psychology , Psychosocial Deprivation , South AfricaABSTRACT
The relationship of academic achievement or grades with Eysenck Personality Inventory scores on Neuroticism and Introversion was examined. Contrary to theoretical expectations and previous studies, no significant differences among means were observed for 118 first-year South African university students (78 women and 40 men) whose mean ages were 29 yr. (women) and 28.8 yr. (men).
Subject(s)
Educational Status , Introversion, Psychological , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Psychometrics , South AfricaABSTRACT
To examine the differences between 162 adolescents' and 118 adults' scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory 64 boys (M age = 20 yr.), 94 girls (M age = 18.9 yr.), 78 women (M age = 29 yr.), and 40 men (M age = 28.8 yr.) from Umtata and the vicinity in Transkei, South Africa were tested. Adolescents scored higher on social desirability than adults did.
Subject(s)
Personality Development , Social Desirability , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , South AfricaABSTRACT
Although studies in Western and a few developing countries have indicated students with low scores on test anxiety tend to perform better on academic tasks than those who score higher on test anxiety, at this South African university no statistically significant mean difference on a test in educational psychology was noted for 121 students who scored high on the Anxiety Achievement Test and those 117 who scored low.
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Educational Status , Students/psychology , Test Anxiety Scale/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Internal-External Control , Male , Psychometrics , South AfricaABSTRACT
Research relating cognitive development to gender has been rather limited. The few studies that have explored such a relationship have been conclusive. The object of this study was to explore whether African students' performance on formal operations measure would be related to whether they were male or female. The results showed that gender was not related to performance on formal operations, as the mean difference between the two sets of subjects was statistically nonsignificant.
Subject(s)
Cognition , Problem Solving , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Task Performance and AnalysisABSTRACT
Prior research has shown a sex difference in scores on test anxiety, with men having a lower mean score than women. The present study was undertaken to confirm such a difference among African university students, but the t ratio was nonsignificant for means of 28.4 for men and 28.0 for women (SDs of 5.3 and 5.0).
Subject(s)
Anxiety , Achievement , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , South AfricaABSTRACT
As studies in Western countries have shown, scores on test anxiety increase with age during elementary school. Whether such a difference would be observed among African university students who ranged in age from 18 to 35 years was examined. The difference in mean scores on the Achievement Anxiety Test for two groups, ages 18 to 25 years (n = 132) and 26 to 35 years (n = 267), was not statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Achievement , Anxiety , Adolescent , Adult , Africa , Age Factors , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The study of moral development as well as the relation of moral development and behavior has been of great interest to many over the past half a century. While some studies have shown no association between one's moral development and behavior, some evidence indicates level of moral reasoning influences behavior. Over 16 selected studies postconventional principles of justice are likely to be more prosocial and law-abiding than those appropriate at the lower stages of moral development.
Subject(s)
Morals , Personality Development , Social Behavior , Social Responsibility , Humans , Judgment , Social ConformityABSTRACT
Piaget suggested four stages of development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete and formal operations) may be universally observed, but only the first three have been confirmed because few people attain formal operations. Both Westerners and Africans may attain formal operations, however, given the way they reason and interact in their milieu.
Subject(s)
Concept Formation , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Problem Solving , Visual Perception , Adolescent , Adult , Africa , HumansABSTRACT
This study was done to assess gender and cultural differences on neuroticism as a dimension of personality among both Canadians and Black South Africans. No statistically significant cross-cultural differences were observed. However, statistically significant gender differences emerged among both Canadian and African men and women, with the latter scoring higher on neuroticism than the former.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Personality Development , Adolescent , Adult , Black People , Female , Humans , Male , Ontario , South AfricaABSTRACT
According to Piaget, cognitive development can be realized with maturation and environmental experience, but he attached some significance to training as a means of facilitating cognitive development. This paper gives brief summaries of eight studies carried out in Africa clearly showing that cognitive development can be facilitated by training.
