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2.
Am J Manag Care ; 14(11): 717-25, 2008 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18999906

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the economic burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment on the healthcare system as treatment costs have risen 340-fold during the past 5 years. STUDY DESIGN: Nationwide registry. METHODS: Patients with CRC (N = 421) were selected from an observational prospective patient registry of US oncology clinics. The 8 most commonly prescribed regimens were identified. Standard dosing schedules were set for these regimens based on a literature review and expert CRC oncologist input. Each chemotherapeutic regimen was broken down into its component agents, and regimen costs were calculated by summing the costs of each agent per regimen. Price-per-milligram costs were calculated from Health Care Financing Administration Common Procedural Coding System codes for specific drugs. Patient population, temporal, and regional trends were studied among standard regimens. RESULTS: The most common regimens were 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin calcium (5-FU/LV) (147 patients [34.9%]), fluorouracil-leucovorin-irinotecan hydrochloride (FOLFIRI) (111 patients [26.4%]), and fluorouracil-leucovorin-oxaliplatin (103 patients [24.5%]). The remaining 60 patients (14.3%) received irinotecan, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin; oxaliplatin; irinotecan in combination with oxaliplatin; or a miscellaneous regimen. The largest cost differential for 6 cycles of planned treatment was $35,971 between FOLFIRI ($36,999) and 5-FU/LV ($1028). On a per-week basis, treatment costs may differ by more than 91 times. Patient utilization of growth factors, ancillary medications, and monoclonal antibodies added significant costs. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of CRC regimens varied considerably. Trends in treatment regimens have changed notably over time, with newer agents and supportive drugs adding substantially to treatment costs.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/economics , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colorectal Neoplasms/economics , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Drug Costs , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Young Adult
3.
J Neuroimmunol ; 203(1): 39-49, 2008 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18653249

ABSTRACT

We recently reported that the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area (POA) mediates the hypotensive response evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated how the inflammatory signal induced by LPS reaches the POA. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and abdominal perivagal lidocaine administration, or lidocaine injection into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) prevented LPS hypotension. Microinjection of the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine into the POA, blocked initiation of the hypotensive response and prevented the late decompensatory phase. These data suggest that LPS hypotension is mediated by the vagus nerve which conveys the signal to the NTS and, in turn, stimulates norepinephrine release within the POA.


Subject(s)
Hypotension/immunology , Hypotension/physiopathology , Preoptic Area/physiopathology , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism , Solitary Nucleus/physiopathology , Vagus Nerve/physiopathology , Acute Disease , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Animals , Hypotension/chemically induced , Lidocaine/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Male , Phentolamine/pharmacology , Preoptic Area/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Shock, Septic/chemically induced , Shock, Septic/immunology , Shock, Septic/physiopathology , Signal Transduction/immunology , Vagotomy , Vagus Nerve/drug effects
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