Increased sensitivity of hydroxyurea-resistant leukemic cells to gemcitabine.

Tumor cell resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents may result in cross-resistance to related antineoplastic agents. To study cross-resistance among inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, we developed hydroxyurea-resistant (HU-R) CCRF-CEM cells. These cells were 6-fold more resistant to hydroxyurea than the parent hydroxyurea-sensitive (HU-S) cell line and displayed an increase in the mRNA and protein of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. We examined whether HU-R cells were cross-resistant to gemcitabine, a drug that blocks cell proliferation by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase and incorporating itself into DNA. Contrary to our expectation, HU-R cells had an increased sensitivity to gemcitabine. The IC50 of gemcitabine was 0.061 +/- 0.03 microM for HU-R cells versus 0.16 +/- 0.02 microM for HU-S cells (P = 0.005). The cellular uptake of [3H]gemcitabine and its incorporation into DNA were increased in HU-R cells. Over an 18-h incubation with radiolabeled gemcitabine (0.25 microM), gemcitabine uptake was 286 +/- 37.3 fmol/10(6) cells for HU-R cells and 128 +/- 8.8 fmol/10(6) cells for HU-S cells (P = 0.03). The incorporation of gemcitabine into DNA was 75 +/- 6.7 fmol/10(6) cells for HU-R cells versus 22 +/- 0.6 fmol/10(6) cells for HU-S cells (P < 0.02). Our studies suggest that the increased sensitivity of HU-R cells to gemcitabine results from increased drug uptake by these cells. This, in turn, favors the incorporation of gemcitabine into DNA, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity. The increased sensitivity of malignant cells to gemcitabine after the development of hydroxyurea resistance may be relevant to the design of chemotherapeutic trials with these drugs.

Interaction of gallium nitrate with other inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase: effects on the proliferation of human leukemic cells.

Ribonucleotide reductase, a key enzyme in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, is an important target for cancer chemotherapy. Drugs that inhibit its individual components may act synergistically to block DNA synthesis. Prior work has established that gallium inhibits the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. We show that gallium acts synergistically with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors gemcitabine and hydroxyurea to inhibit the proliferation of CCRF-CEM cells. In contrast, combinations of gallium with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors amidox, didox, or trimidox produced antagonistic effects on cell growth. Spectroscopy analysis revealed that as a result of their metal-binding properties, amidox, didox and trimidox formed complexes with gallium, thus negating potential synergistic actions. Our results have important implications in the design of clinical trials using these ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors in combination.