Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cystic lesions of neurocysticercosis: a preliminary study.

Neurocysticercosis is an endemic disease in some developing countries. It has pleomorfic clinical and imaging findings, which are variable from patient to patient. In this preliminary note, we studied the magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted images (DWI) of sixteen patients presenting with cystic lesions of this disease diagnosed by clinical and laboratorial findings. All the lesions had hypointense signal and the similar apparent diffusion coeficient (ADC) values as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

[Depressive disorders associated with neurocysticercosis: prevalence and clinical correlations]. / Transtornos depressivos associados à neurocisticercose. Prevalência e correlações clínicas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and features of psychiatric morbidity in a cross-section of 38 outpatients with neurocysticercosis. METHODS: Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was established by CT scan, MRI and CSF analysis. Psychiatric diagnoses were made by using the Present State Examination and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Lifetime version; cognitive state was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination and Strub & Black's Mental Status Examination. RESULTS: Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis (52.6%) as shown by PSE. Active disease and intracranial hypertension were associated with higher psychiatric morbidity, and previous history of mood disorders was strongly related to current depression. CONCLUSIONS: Depression syndromes are frequent in patients with neurocysticercosis. The extent to which organic mechanisms related to brain lesions may underlie the observed mental changes is yet unclear, though the similar sex distribution of patients with and without depression, as well as the above mentioned correlations, provide further evidence of the role played by organic factors in the cause of these syndromes. The results of this study are discussed in the light of the data available for other organic psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric manifestations of neurocysticercosis: a study of 38 patients from a neurology clinic in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and features of psychiatric morbidity in a cross section of 38 outpatients with neurocysticercosis. METHODS: Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was established by CT, MRI, and CSF analysis. Psychiatric diagnoses were made by using the present state examination and the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia-lifetime version; cognitive state was assessed by mini mental state examination and Strub and Black's mental status examination. RESULTS: Signs of psychiatric disease and cognitive decline were found in 65.8 and 87.5% of the cases respectively. Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis (52.6%) and 14.2% of the patients were psychotic. Active disease and intracranial hypertension were associated with higher psychiatric morbidity, and previous history of mood disorders was strongly related to current depression. Other variables, such as number and type of brain lesions, severity of neuropsychological deficits, epilepsy, and use of steroids did not correlate with mental disturbances in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric abnormalities, particularly depression syndromes, are frequent in patients with neurocysticercosis. Although regarded as a rare cause of dementia, mild cognitive impairment may be a much more prevalent neuropsychological feature of patients with neurocysticercosis. The extent to which organic mechanisms related to brain lesions may underlie the mental changes is yet unclear, although the similar sex distribution of patients with and without depression, as well as the above mentioned correlations, provide further evidence of the part played by organic factors in the cause of these syndromes.

[Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. Clinical aspects in 8 patients]. / Histoplasmose do sistema nervoso central. Aspectos clínicos em oito pacientes.

Clinical approach has been made in eight patients with histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. All patients had no evidence of immunodepression. Time disease at diagnosis ranged from 6 to 108 months (median 36 months). Main signs and symptoms were: intracranial hypertension in 6 patients; impairment of memory in 4; confusion in 4; seizures in 2; urinary incontinence in 2; sexual impotency in 1. Meningo-encephalitic form was present in 6 patients, while the granulomatous form was found in 2. Diagnostic confirmation was based on: biopsy, in 1 case; necropsy, in 2 cases; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sediment culture, in 1; detection of antibodies against Histoplasma capsulatum in the CSF, in 5 cases. There was, in all patients, an expressive difference between CSF alterations (intense, merging acute and chronic phase elements) and clinical symptomatology (patients in general oligosymptomatic).

Histoplasmose do sistema nervoso central: estudo do líquido cefalorraqueano em 8 pacientes / Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system: study of cerebrospinal fluid in 8 patients

Foram estudads 113 amostras de LCR de 8 pacientes no período compreendido entre setembro-1980 e agosto-1992. Todos os pacientes apresentavam quadro clínico e do LCR compatível a processo meningoencefálico de evoluçäo protraída. Nenhum deles apresentava a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida. Em todos foi feito o diagnóstico de histoplasmose do SNC: em todos foram detectados anticorpos a Histoplasma capsulatum no LCR; em um foi isolada a levedura por cultura em meio de Sabouraud. As principais características do LCR por ocasiäo do diagnóstico foram: pleocitose moderada com presomínio de células linfomononucleadas porém com presença de neutrófilos e por vezes eosinófilos; hiperproteinorraquia moderada, hipoglicorraquia; aumento moderado do teor de globulinas gama. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante períodos que variaram de 7 a 102 meses e submetidos a exames periódicos de LCR, em funçäo da sintomatologia clínica. O número de células do LCR e a concentraçäo de proteinas totais apresentaram evoluçäocaracterizada pela ocorrência de episódios de exacerbaçäo com perfil parcialmente dissociado, favorecendo as proteínas. As concentraçöes de glicose eram moderadamente baixas sendo os menores valores coincidentes aos períodos de exarcebaçäo do número de células. Os teores de globulinas gama apresentaram também oscilaçöes, porém menos evidentes. Submetidos os pacientes a tratamento eficaz, ocorreu no LCR: rápida diminuiçäo do número de células; aumento da taxa de glicose; lento decréscimo dos aumentos de proteínas e de globulinas gama

[Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system: study of cerebrospinal fluid in 8 patients]. / Histoplasmose do sistema nervoso central. Estudo do líquido cefalorraqueano em 8 pacientes.

One hundred and thirteen samples of CSF from eight patients with chronic meningitis were studied in a 12 years period (September, 1980-August, 1992). None of them had AIDS. In all, CNS histoplasmosis diagnosis was made by CSF examination. All cases tested positive for antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum in CSF; in one case the yeast grew in Sabouraud culture in three different occasions. The main findings in CSF by the time of the diagnosis were: moderate hypercytosis marked by lymphocytes and monocytes, neutrophils-being present and in some cases eosinophil cells; moderate increase of total proteins content; decrease in the glucose content; and moderate increase of gamma globulins sometimes with oligoclonal reaction. Patients were followed-up from 7 to 102 months, and periodically submitted to CSF examinations according to clinics. Cell number and total protein content of CSF showed marked episodes of exacerbation in the follow-up, with a dissociated profile favoring total protein content which got higher with the chronification of the disease. Changes in the CSF pattern with treatment were: rapid decrease of hypercytosis; disappearence of neutrophil and eosinophil cells; increase in glucose content; and slow reduction of the increased contents of total proteins and gamma globulins.

Histoplasmose do sistema nervoso central. Aspectos clínicos em oito pacientes / Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. Clinical aspects in 8 patients]

Clinical approach has been made in eight patients with histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. All patients had no evidence of immunodepression. Time disease at diagnosis ranged from 6 to 108 months (median 36 months). Main signs and symptoms were: intracranial hypertension in 6 patients; impairment of memory in 4; confusion in 4; seizures in 2; urinary incontinence in 2; sexual impotency in 1. Meningo-encephalitic form was present in 6 patients, while the granulomatous form was found in 2. Diagnostic confirmation was based on: biopsy, in 1 case; necropsy, in 2 cases; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sediment culture, in 1; detection of antibodies against Histoplasma capsulatum in the CSF, in 5 cases. There was, in all patients, an expressive difference between CSF alterations (intense, merging acute and chronic phase elements) and clinical symptomatology (patients in general oligosymptomatic).

CSF in 85 patients with AIDS and CNS cryptococcosis.

In an eight years time period (July 1984-June 1992) CSF samples of 40718 patients were studied, and 610 were from patients with AIDS clinically diagnosed and immunologically confirmed through HIV antibodies detection. Among opportunistic infections detected in them 85 were CNS cryptococcosis. For the purpose of this study the CSF of these 85 patients are the AIDS group of CNS cryptococcosis. For comparison, CSF data from 50 patients with CNS cryptococcosis but without AIDS were taken (non-AIDS group); in this group, 22 patients were immunosuppressed after renal transplant. In AIDS group, the more frequent CSF findings were: yeast presence at direct exam (Fuchs-Rosenthal cell counting chamber), growing of the yeast in cultures, and gamma globulins increase. In non-AIDS group were more frequent: hypercytosis, neutrophil cells presence, and total protein increase. Differences between the two groups are discussed taking into account CNS/CSF immune changes induced by HIV infection. It is concluded that in CNS cryptococcosis of patients with AIDS the CSF evidenced more extensive signs of the fungal opportunistic infection than signs of inflammatory response to the infection. The latter were more prominent among patients of the non-AIDS group of CNS cryptococcosis.

CSF in 85 patients with AIDS and CNS cryptococcosis

Foi estudado o LCR de 85 pacientes com AIDS e criptococose do SNC. O diagnóstico clínico e imunológico de AIDS foi previamente estabelecido em todos os casos. Os resultados foram comparado aos de grupo de 50 pacientes com neurocriptococose porém sem AIDS (grupo näo-AIDS). Neste grupo 22 pacientes eram imunossuprimidos após transplante renal. Nos pacientes do grupo AIDS predominavam no LCR: detecçäo da levedura no exame direto (câmara de Fuchs-Rosenthal de contagem de células), culturas de levedura positivas e aumento do teor de globulinas gama. No grupo näo-AIDS predominavam: pleocitose, presença de polinucleares neutrófilos e aumento da concentraçäo protética total. As diferenças encontrdas entre os dois grupos säo discutidas, salientando-se as modificaçöes imunes induzidas no SNC/LCR pelo HIV. Conclui-se que na neurocriptococose em pacientes com AIDS o LCR evidenciou mais a infecçäo pelo fungo que a resposta inflamatória à infecçäo. Esta última predominou no LCR de pacientes do grupo neurocriptococose näo-AIDS

[Treatment of neurotoxoplasmosis with the combination sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim: report of 10 cases]. / Tratamento da neurotoxoplasmose com a associação sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. Relato de 10 casos.

Toxoplasmosis is the most frequent parasitic infection of the CNS in the immunocompromised host. When promptly treated with the sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine combination patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis characteristically respond with clear clinical and CT improvement within 1-2 weeks. We report the results achieved with the combination sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and conclude that both combinations have similar effects in the treatment of CNS toxoplasmosis.

Computed tomography in neurocysticercosis: a 10-year long evolution analysis of 100 patients with an appraisal of a new classification.

Three hundred and fifty seven computed tomography (CT) from 100 different patients with neurocysticercosis (NC) were studied between 1979 and 1988. All patients were treated with praziquantel (PZQ). A new classification attempting to recognize the CT evolution profile in NC as well as assigning a possible link between CT findings and biological conditions of cysts is evaluated. It was possible to conclude that: intact cysts remain unchanged in consecutive CTs by 11 months and exhibit signs of degeneration in about 18 months after PZQ drug therapy; degenerating cysts can be detected by 10.5 months, disappear in 11 months and become nodular calcifications in about 25 months. Therefore, a time period of at least 36 months can be estimated for the complete evolution profile of cysts in the brain parenchyma.

HTLV-1 antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in tropical spastic paraparesis in Brazil.

HTLV-1 antibodies were investigated in serum and in CSF of 150 patients with neurologic disorders mainly myelopathies. The patients were considered into three groups according to the possible relationship of their disease to the presence of HTLV-1 antibodies: no relationship risk (control group), occasional risk group, and possible risk group. In this latter are 56 patients with crural spastic paraparesis or paraplegia of unknown etiology (SP). HTLV-1 antibodies were tested by the passive particle-agglutination method for anti-ATLA antibody detection. The search was negative in all patients of the control group, and positive (serum and/or CSF) in 16.5% of the patients from the second group and in 55.4% of the SP patients group. Clinical patterns in SP cases with HTLV-1 antibodies were those of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). CSF patterns considered (cytology, protein content and gamma-globulins rate) were different between TSP group with HTLV-1 antibodies in CSF and SP group with no HTLV-1 antibodies detection either in serum or in CSF. The difference was significant. Results of this investigation confirm the high incidence of TSP in Brazil, and bring additional indication for searching HTLV-1 antibodies in the CSF.

Computed tomography in neurocysticercosis: a 10-year long evolution analysis of 100 patients with an appraisal of a new classification

Foram estudados 357 exames por tomografia computadorizada do crânio (TC) de 100 pacientes com neurocisticercose, tratados com praziquantel (PZQ) entre 1979 e 1988. Foi utilizada nova classificaçäo tomográfica, procurando estabelecer vínculo entre as imagens observadas à TC e a evoluçäo biológica dos cisticercos. Considerando-se como estimador o valor das medianas em meses após o tratamento com PZQ, foi possível concluir que: vesículas íntegras permanecem inalteradas em exames consecutivos por período de 11 meses; apresentam sinais radiológicos sugestivos de processo inflamatório, geralmente associados à degeneraçäo de cisticercos, em período de 18 meses; estas vesículas em degeneraçäo podem ser detectadas durante 10,5 meses, desaparecem em 11 meses e evoluem para calcificaçöes nodulares simples em 25 meses. De acordo com este critério, pode ser estimado período mínimo de 36 meses para o perfil de evoluçäo de cisticercos no parênquima cerebral em pacientes tratados com PZQ

HTLV-1 antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in tropical spastic paraparesis in Brazil

Foi pesquisada a presença de HTLV-1 anticorpos no soro e no LCR de 150 pacientes com afecçöes do sistema nervoso, particularmente mielopatias. Os pacientes foram considerados segundo três grupos, de acordo com a possível relaçäo entre a doença e a presença de HTLV-1 anticorpos: sem risco de relaçäo (grupo controle); grupo de risco ocasional; grupo de risco possível. Este último abrange 56 pacientes com paraparesia ou paraplegia crural espástica de etiologia näo esclarecida (PE). Foi utilizada para a pesquisa a técnica de aglutinaçäo passiva de partículas para anti-ATLA anticorpo, sendo obtidos os seguintes resultados: näo foram detectados HTLV-1 anticorpos no grupo controle e foram detectados (soro e/ou LCR) em 16,5% dos pacientes do segundo grupo e em 55,4% daqueles do terceiro grupo. O quadro clínico dos pacientes com PE e HTLV-1 anticorpos era compatível a paraparesia espática tropical (PET). Foi verificada diferença significativa quanto a dados do exame de LCR (citologia, concentraçäo proteica e teor de globulinas gama) ao se compararem os pacientes com PET com HTLV-1 anticorpos no LCR àqueles com PE em que tais anticorpos näo foram detectados nem no soro e nem no LCR. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam a elevada incidência da PET no Brasil e ilustram a necessidade da pesquisa desses anticorpos também no LCR

HTLV-I associated myelopathy in Brazil: a preliminary report.

In this preliminary report the authors present the finding of a high prevalence (37.5%) of seropositivity of antibodies to HTLV-I tested by Western blotting in a sample of 16 Brazilian patients with chronic myelopathies of undetermined origin.

[Neurocysticercosis and praziquantel: long-term development in 100 patients]. / Neurocisticercose e praziquantel: evolução a longo prazo de 100 pacientes.

Evaluation of results observed in a prospective study on the long term follow-up of 100 patients with neurocysticercosis (NC) is reported. Praziquantel (PZQ) was administered to the patients at their admission to the study. Follow-up time was over two years in 63 patients (maximum 118 months). Clinical conditions, TC findings and CSF changes were taken into account for the evaluation. Patients were evaluated periodically during the follow-up. Satisfactory results predominate (72.5%). Satisfactory results maintain a close relationship with clinical forms of the disease: good results predominate among those patients with clinical manifestations of NC which are not marked by intracranial hypertension of progressive character. Results of this long term follow-up evaluation favour the administration of PZQ to patients with NC.

Neurocisticercose e praziquantel: evoluçäo a longo prazo de 100 pacientes / Neurocysticercosis and praziquantel: long-term evolution of 100 patients

Avaliaçäo dos resultados de estudo prospectivo da evoluçäo de 100 pacientes com neurocisticercose (NC) aos quais foi administrado praziquantel (PZQ). A evoluçäo foi avaliada por mais de dois anos em 63 casos (máximo 118 meses) e levou em conta os aspectos clínicos, da TC e do LCR. Resultados favoráveis predominaram (72,5%), particularmente entre aqueles pacientes nos quais as manifestaçöes clínicas da NC näo eram acompanhadas de hipertensäo intracraniana de caráter permanentee progressivo. Os resultados obtidos säo favoráveis a indicaçäo do PZQ em pacientes com NC

HTLV-I associated myelopathy in Brazil: a preliminary report

Neste relato preliminar os autores registram a constataçäo de alta prevalência do soropositividade para anticorpos dirigidos ao HTLV-I detectados pelo método de Westernblot (37,5%) em amostra de 16 pacientes brasileiros com mielopatias crônicas de causa näo determinadas

[Amphotericin B in the treatment of neurocryptococcosis in patients subjected to renal transplantation]. / Anfotericina B no tratamento da neurocriptococose em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal.

Thirty-five cases of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system (CNS) were studied, 17 of them submitted to renal transplantation. The objective was to evaluate the therapeutic responses observed in the group of kidney transplant patients with CNS cryptococcosis. They were submitted to amphotericin B therapy, with emphasis to the renal function. The results in this group were compared with the outcome in the group of patients with the same infection, submitted to the same therapeutic scheme, but without previous impairment of renal function. Among the 35 patients, 20 were male; the age varied between 4 and 76 years. Associated clinical conditions were noticed in 25 patients, 17 of them with renal transplantation. Among 35 patients, 10 died in the first days of the treatment; 25 patients were effectively treated for CNS cryptococcosis, 18 of them with associated clinical conditions; 15 were kidney transplant patients. The drugs used in the treatment of CNS cryptococcosis were, as possible, the amphotericin B by intravenous and intrathecal route (lumbar puncture) associated with 5-fluorocytosine. Seven patients died during the treatment; then, of the 35 patients who were initially evaluated, 17 died and 18 were successfully treated, with a death rate of 48.57%. Various intercurrencies were observed with the use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. The clinical and therapeutic results recorded in this study were compared with the information met in literature. The analysis of the results emphasizes the need of the discovery of better and less toxic drugs than those currently used. Amphotericin B still is the most important drug in the treatment of CNS cryptococcosis and the therapeutic scheme currently recommended consists in the association of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine, and there has been also advantage in the simultaneous use of intravenous and intrathecal amphotericin B. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there is no harm with the use of intravenous amphotericin B in renal transplanted patients with cryptococcosis of the central nervous system.