Urethral sensory threshold and urethro-anal reflex latency in continent women.

AIMS OF STUDY: The sensory evaluation of the lower urinary tract is summarized in the bladder proprioceptive sensitivity during cystometry. Experimental studies suggest that abnormalities of the urethral innervation and micturition reflex can be related to the presence of continence disturbances. This study aimed to measure the urethral sensory threshold and the urethro-anal reflex latency in healthy volunteers, establishing reading criteria, comparing the results and technique used with the literature and verifying the effect of physiological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy female volunteers were studied. They had an absence of genital or urinary complaints and had undergone no previous pelvic or vaginal procedures. The measurement of the urethral sensory threshold and urethro-anal reflex latency were performed as described. RESULTS: The determination of the urethral sensory threshold and urethro-anal reflex latency were obtained in 96.6% of the volunteers. The electrophysiological parameters did not correlate with age, parity or number of vaginal deliveries. There was a positive association of the urethral sensory threshold with height. Technical aspects were considered and compared with those in the literature as well as the advantages and limitations of the method. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of the urethral sensory threshold and urethro-anal reflex latency presented consistent recordings. The urethral sensory threshold should be analyzed carefully in individuals with height above the population average. Subsequent observations are necessary to clarify their function in patients with continence disturbances and to measure the urethral function, but these values can be used as normal parameters for comparison.

Paralisia do musculo cricoaritenóideo lateral: relato de caso como contribuição ao estudo da anatomia funcional da laringe / Paralysis of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle: a case report as a contribution to the understanding of the functional anatomy of the larynx

A eletromiografia da laringe (EMG) vem sendo útil nas avaliações das alterações de mobilidade das pregas vocais, sobretudo diferenciando as paralisias das fixações, e também fornecendo dados para o prognóstico e localização de lesões neuromusculares. Com base na EMG e na telelaringoscopia buscamos entender o papel dos músculos intrínsecos da laringe a partir de um caso de paralisia de músculo cricoaritenoideo lateral, confirmado por estudo eletromiográfico, em uma paciente com história de afonia e perda de mobilidade da prega vocal esquerda, fixa na posição lateral

A comparison between averaged spikes and individual visually-analyzed spikes in rolandic epileptiform discharges.

PURPOSE: This study compared some morphological features of individual rolandic epileptiform discharges, used to obtain an averaged estimate, with those of the resulting estimate. METHOD: Twenty-four averaged discharges from EEGs of 24 children showing rolandic spikes were compared with 480 individual discharges used in the averaging. The analysis was based on the occurrence of tangential dipole and "double spike" patterns. RESULTS: In 15 averaged discharges the tangential dipole pattern was found. Individual spikes used in the averaging process displayed the same pattern in 35-100% of them; in the remaining 9 averaged discharges, up to 20% of the individual spikes showed the same pattern, although this was not found in the averaged waveforms. "Double spike" pattern was found in 11 of the averaged waveforms and was recognized in 50-100% of its individual discharges, whereas up to 45% of individual spikes showed this pattern without expression in the averaged waveform. CONCLUSION: When visually analyzing an EEG with rolandic spikes, caution should be exercised in characterizing these patterns, since a few discharges showing them may not be expressed in the averaged waveform and the clinical correlations proposed for these patterns may not apply.

A comparison between averaged spikes and individual visually-analyzed spikes in rolandic epileptiform discharges

PURPOSE:This study compared some morphological features of individual rolandic epileptiform discharges, used to obtain an averaged estimate, with those of the resulting estimate. METHOD: Twenty-four averaged discharges from EEGs of 24 children showing rolandic spikes were compared with 480 individual discharges used in the averaging. The analysis was based on the occurrence of tangential dipole and "double spike" patterns. RESULTS: In 15 averaged discharges the tangential dipole pattern was found. Individual spikes used in the averaging process displayed the same pattern in 35-100 percent of them; in the remaining 9 averaged discharges, up to 20 percent of the individual spikes showed the same pattern, although this was not found in the averaged waveforms. "Double spike" pattern was found in 11 of the averaged waveforms and was recognized in 50-100 percent of its individual discharges, whereas up to 45 percent of individual spikes showed this pattern without expression in the averaged waveform. CONCLUSION: When visually analyzing an EEG with rolandic spikes, caution should be exercised in characterizing these patterns, since a few discharges showing them may not be expressed in the averaged waveform and the clinical correlations proposed for these patterns may not apply