ABSTRACT
Polymer nanogels are embedded within layers consisting of a nonlamellar liquid crystalline lipid phase to act as thermoresponsive controllers of layer compactness and hydration. As the nanogels change from the swollen to the collapsed state via a temperature trigger, they enable on-demand release of water from the mixed polymer-lipid layer while the lipid matrix remains intact. Combining stimuli-responsive polymers with responsive lipid-based mesophase systems opens up new routes in biomedical applications such as functional biomaterials, bioanalysis and drug delivery.
ABSTRACT
The determination of the net charge and size of microgel particles as a function of their concentration, as well as the degree of association of ions to the microgel backbone, has been pursued in earlier studies mainly by scattering and rheology. These methods suffer from contributions due to inter-particle interactions that interfere with the characterization of single-particle properties. Here we introduce dielectric spectroscopy as an alternative experimental method to characterize microgel systems. The advantage of dielectric spectroscopy over other experimental methods is that the polarization due to mobile charges within a microgel particle is only weakly affected by inter-particle interactions. Apart from electrode polarization effects, experimental spectra on PNIPAM-co-AA [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)] ionic microgel particles suspended in de-ionized water exhibit three well-separated relaxation modes, which are due to the polarization of the mobile charges within the microgel particles, the diffuse double layer around the particles, and the polymer backbone. Expressions for the full frequency dependence of the electrode-polarization contribution to the measured dielectric response are derived, and a theory is proposed for the polarization resulting from the mobile charges within the microgel. Relaxation of the diffuse double layer is modeled within the realm of a cell model. The net charge and the size of the microgel particles are found to be strongly varying with concentration. A very small value of the diffusion coefficient of ions within the microgel is found, due to a large degree of chemical association of protons to the polymer backbone.
