The Role of Controlled Motivation in the Self-Esteem of Adolescent Students in Physical Education Classes.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationships between the satisfaction of psychological basic needs, physical education, academic controlling motivation, and self-esteem, and to propose a prediction model in line with the postulates from the hierarchical model found in the self-determination theory. The participants were 618 physical education students from primary and secondary school (317 girls and 301 boys) aged between 10 and 14 years old (M = 11.62; SD = 0.94). The questionnaires basic psychological needs in exercise measurement scale (BPNES), perceived locus of causality scale (PLOC), the academic motivation scale (EME), and physical self-perception profile (PSPP) were used to measure the studied variables. The results showed that autonomy and relatedness significantly and negatively predicted physical education controlling motivation, which predicted a positive and significant academic controlling motivation. This, in turn, negatively and significantly predicted self-esteem. It is concluded that it is essential to avoid controlling motivation to promote the development of a positive self-perception in students.

Influence of Physical Self-Concept and Motivational Processes on Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity of Adolescents.

There is a growing concern about the increasing decline in physical activity among adolescents. In the search for variables that may be related to physical activity, this study examined the influence of physical self-concept on objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of adolescents through the mediation of the needs satisfaction and two types of autonomous motivation, for academics and for physical education. Data were collected from 618 students (301 boys and 317 girls) aged 10-14 years from 24 secondary schools in Spain. The path analysis results showed that physical self-concept positively predicted needs satisfaction and this, in turn, was positively and significantly related to the two types of autonomous motivation. Finally, only the autonomous motivation for physical education significantly and positively predicted the adolescents' MVPA. Our findings showed that there was no evidence of an indirect effect of physical self-concept on MVPA. The results are discussed along the lines of the self-determination theory, through the analysis of the role of physical self-concept in increasing adolescents' physical activity.

Sociometric Popularity, Perceived Peer Support, and Self-Concept in Adolescence.

The objective of this study is to analyze the role that peer support plays in the incidence relationships between sociometric popularity and general self-concept based on sociometer theory. A total of 676 randomly selected secondary school students from the Basque Country (49.6% boys and 50.4% girls) between 12 and 18 years of age (M = 14.32, DT = 1.36) participated voluntarily. All of them completed a sociometric questionnaire (SOCIOMET), the Family and Friends Support Questionnaire (AFA-R), and the Dimensional Self-concept Questionnaire (AUDIM-33). Several models of structural equations were tested. The results indicate that sociometric popularity is linked to self-concept through the perceived social support of peers. These results are discussed within the framework of positive psychology and its practical implications in the school context.

Relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, inhibition, and math fluency: A cluster analysis.

This study identified clusters of adolescents who share similar cardiorespiratory fitness levels and analysed the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, inhibition, and math fluency in each of the clusters. The subjects were 490 high-school students aged 10-16 years. The mean age was 13.82 years (SD = 1.12). Latent class analysis identified three clusters with high, medium, and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The high-fitness cluster achieved higher scores in inhibition and math fluency than the low-fitness cluster. Path analysis revealed that the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on inhibition was non-existent in the three clusters. The effect of inhibition on math fluency was positive and significant in all three cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Cardiorespiratory fitness had a direct, positive, and significant effect on math fluency only in the high-fitness cluster. Therefore, a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness is a significant determining factor in the explanation of math fluency. These results indicate that inhibition does not mediate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and math fluency. However, the benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness affect math fluency, which has important implications for the educational environment and the teaching/learning process.

Coaches' Motivational Style and Athletes' Fear of Failure.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coaches' interpersonal style and fear of failure in athletes. Methods: A sample of 340 athletes at the Federation Level with a mean age of 18.96 years (SD = 5.69 years.) comprised the sample. Athletes completed questionnaires related to fear of failure in sports as well as their perceptions of the extent to which their coaches provided support for athlete autonomy and control. Results: The results revealed a significant and positive relationship between coaches' controlling style and athletes' fear of failure whereas coach autonomy support was associated with reduced fear of failure. Through the use of cluster analysis, two athlete profiles emerged. One profile indicated moderate levels of fear of failure among those athletes who perceived a controlling coaching style. The second profile revealed a cluster of athletes with low levels of fear of failure and favorable perceptions of coach support for athlete autonomy. Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence for the role of coaches as social influences capable of contributing to both adaptive and maladaptive psychological outcomes for athletes in sports.

Effects of an Autonomy-Supportive Physical Activity Program for Compensatory Care Students During Recess Time.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical activity-based intervention conducted during recess time for Spanish students with special needs. The intervention was designed to utilize an autonomy-supportive motivational style to promote feelings of autonomy and to contribute to increased physical activity involvement in these students. Participants were 62 students in the fifth and sixth year of elementary school, with ages between 10 and 12 years (M = 10.75 years, SD = 0.80 years). Students' perceptions of autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, sport and physical activity motivation and actual physical activity level were assessed. A quasi-experimental design was employed with two intervention groups (autonomy-supportive and controlling styles), as well as a control group. Results indicated that students in the autonomy-supportive condition demonstrated a significant increase in feelings of autonomy and increased their physical activity levels while demonstrating a significant decrease in extrinsic motivation over the course of the intervention. The results provide support for the expectation that well-designed and theoretically based physical activity interventions can optimize learning and motivational outcomes for students in inclusive physical education settings.

Relationship between attachment and executive dysfunction in the homeless.

The executive functions of the homeless may be contributing to the success or failure of social integration processes. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between attachment and executive dysfunction in the homeless, specifically, to analyze the prevalence of adult attachment and executive dysfunction patterns, as well as the predictive power of different types of attachment for executive functioning. Participants were 107 homeless. Descriptive analysis revealed the prevalence of insecure attachment, and a high prevalence of clinically significant executive dysfunction. Regression analysis showed that attachment predicts all the executive functions, although the predictive power of attachment decreased when entering the variable drug addiction. People in a situation of chronic social exclusion are characterized by an insecure attachment style and moderate levels of executive dysfunction.

Teaching Quality in Math Class: The Development of a Scale and the Analysis of Its Relationship with Engagement and Achievement.

Math achievement and engagement declines in secondary education; therefore, educators are faced with the challenge of engaging students to avoid school failure. Within self-determination theory, we address the need to assess comprehensively student perceptions of teaching quality that predict engagement and achievement. In study one we tested, in a sample of 548 high school students, a preliminary version of a scale to assess nine factors: teaching for relevance, acknowledge negative feelings, participation encouragement, controlling language, optimal challenge, focus on the process, class structure, positive feedback, and caring. In the second study, we analyzed the scale's reliability and validity in a sample of 1555 high school students. The scale showed evidence of reliability, and with regard to criterion validity, at the classroom level, teaching quality was a predictor of behavioral engagement, and higher grades were observed in classes where students, as a whole, displayed more behavioral engagement. At the within level, behavioral engagement was associated with achievement. We not only provide a reliable and valid method to assess teaching quality, but also a method to design interventions, these could be designed based on the scale items to encourage students to persist and display more engagement on school duties, which in turn bolsters student achievement.

The Mediating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation to Learn on the Relationship between Student´s Autonomy Support and Vitality and Deep Learning.

Self-determination theory has shown that autonomy support in the classroom is associated with an increase of students' intrinsic motivation. Moreover, intrinsic motivation is related with positive outcomes. This study examines the relationships between autonomy support, intrinsic motivation to learn and two motivational consequences, deep learning and vitality. Specifically, the hypotheses were that autonomy support predicts the two types of consequences, and that autonomy support directly and indirectly predicts the vitality and the deep learning through intrinsic motivation to learn. Participants were 276 undergraduate students. The mean age was 21.80 years (SD = 2.94). Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between variables and delta method was used to analyze the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation to learn. Results indicated that student perception of autonomy support had a positive effect on deep learning and vitality (p < .001). In addition, these associations were mediated by intrinsic motivation to learn. These findings suggest that teachers are key elements in generating of autonomy support environment to promote intrinsic motivation, deep learning, and vitality in classroom. Educational implications are discussed.

The issue of interactional hypothesis: A proposal of self-determination index / El problema de la hipótesis de interacción en la teoría de la autodeterminación: Una propuesta de un nuevo índice de calidad de la motivación

The self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of human motivation whose postulates support the so-called interactional hypothesis, according to which intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not independent constructs, and it also supports a simplex model of the continuum of self-determination. To test this hypothesis, a measure of self-determination, called the self-determination index (SDI) is frequently used. However, the literature reveals evident problems in the use of this index. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose a new way of calculating the SDI from two studies, using a sample of athletes. Cluster analysis carried out in Study 1 revealed two motivational profiles, and the correlations indicated that new SDI fit the hypotheses derived from the SDT better than did classic SDI. In Study 2, results confirmed the existence of a self-determined continuum, thus supporting the interactional hypothesis as well as the relations proposed from the theory. Finally, new SDI fits the postulates of the SDT better than classic SDI, and results obtained provide preliminary support to new SDI proposed

Para comprobar los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación se ha usado frecuentemente una medida de la calidad de la motivación denominada índice de autodeterminación (IAD). Este índice se basa en la hipótesis de interacción, según la cual la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca no son constructos independientes, sino que cuando aumenta uno disminuye el otro. Sin embargo, la literatura ha revelado que estos constructos son ortogonales y por tanto el IAD presenta problemas de medida. Atendiendo a estas limitaciones, el objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer y comprobar la efectividad de una nueva forma de calcular un índice de calidad de la motivación (IMP: índice de motivación positiva), utilizando dos muestras de deportistas. Los resultados de los dos estudios llevados a cabo revelaron que el IMP se ajustaba mejor a las hipótesis derivadas de la teoría de la autodeterminación que el IAD, encontrándose correlaciones positivas entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el IMP, y entre éste y las emociones positivas. Los resultados obtenidos dan apoyo preliminar a la utilización, en la investigación sobre la teoría de la autodeterminación, del nuevo índice de calidad de la motivación propuesto

Measuring autonomy support in university students: the Spanish version of the Learning Climate Questionnaire.

The goals of this research were to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Learning Climate Questionnaire (LCQ) and to develop a short form. The LCQ is a 15-item self-report measure that assesses autonomy support in educational settings. A total of 422 students (60 men and 362 women) took part in this study. Results showed evidence of construct validity and adequate reliability for the LCQ. The short form consists of five items that showed sound psychometric properties. Results of Pearson correlation and Gower index showed high agreement between the long and short forms. In conclusion, both forms can be considered as preliminary versions of the original questionnaire to assess autonomy support in educational settings.

Measuring autonomy support in university students: the Spanish version of the learning climate questionnaire

The goals of this research were to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Learning Climate Questionnaire (LCQ) and to develop a short form. The LCQ is a 15-item selfreport measure that assesses autonomy support in educational settings. A total of 422 students (60 men and 362 women) took part in this study. Results showed evidence of construct validity and adequate reliability for the LCQ. The short form consists of five items that showed sound psychometric properties. Results of Pearson correlation and Gower index showed high agreement between the long and short forms. In conclusion, both forms can be considered as preliminary versions of the original questionnaire to assess autonomy support in educational settings (AU)

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron traducir al español, analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Learning Climate Questionnaire (LCQ) y desarrollar una forma corta. El LCQ es un cuestionario de 15 items que evalúa el apoyo a la autonomía en el contexto educativo. Los participantes fueron 422 estudiantes (60 hombres y 362 mujeres). Los resultados mostraron evidencias de validez de constructo y una fiabilidad adecuada. La forma corta del LCQ que consta de cinco items mostró adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados de la correlación de Pearson y del índice Gower mostraron una alta concordancia entre las formas larga y corta. En conclusión, ambas formas pueden ser consideradas como versiones preliminares del cuestionario original para evaluar el apoyo a la autonomía en el contexto educativo (AU)

Traducción y validación de la version española de la Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien à l'Autonomie en Sport / Translation and validation of the Spanish versión of the Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien à l'Autonomie en Sport

El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir y analizar las propiedades psico-métricas de la versión española de la Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien á l'Autonomie en Sport, en un contexto deportivo. Los resultados apoyaron la estructura unifactorial de la escala. Asimismo, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró evidencias de validez concurrente, en el que la percepción del apoyo a la autonomía predice de manera positiva la percepción de autonomía y la percepción de competencia y estas, a su vez, predicen la motivación intrínseca, que muestra un efecto positivo sobre las emociones positivas durante la práctica deportiva. Finalmente, se muestran evidencias de fiabilidad. Los resultados apoyan preliminarmente el uso de la versión española en el contexto deportivo.

The aim of the present research was to translate and to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien á l'Autonomie en Sport in sport context. Results supported the unidimentional structure of the scale. The predictive validity was tested using a structural equation model which perceived autonomy support predicted the perceived autonomy and perceived competence and these two the intrinsic motivation. Finally, intrinsic motivation predicted positive emotions. Likewise, results showed evidences of reliability. Results support preliminary the use of the Spanish version of the scale in sport context.

Relationships between intrinsic motivation, physical self-concept and satisfaction with life: a longitudinal study.

In this study, we examined the relationships between intrinsic motivation, physical self-concept, and satisfaction with life using cross-lagged panel models analysed via structural equation models. The sample consisted of 293 participants (148 men, 145 women) aged 18-70 years who performed diverse types of physical exercise. Three alternative models were tested. The data were better represented by a model in which physical self-concept mediates the relationships between intrinsic motivation and satisfaction with life. Specifically, the direct effects of intrinsic motivation on physical self-concept, and of physical self-concept on satisfaction with life were significant, with the amount of explained variance increasing over time. In conclusion, people who perform physical exercise regularly, and who have fun over time will tend to have a better physical self-perception and, consequently, more psychological well-being.

Traducción y validación de la versión española de la Échelle de Satisfacción des Besoins Psychologiques en el contexto educativo / Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques in academic context

El propósito de esta investigación fue traducir y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques en una muestra de 324 estudiantes universitarios (99 hombres y 225 mujeres). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio confirmaron la estructura de tres factores correlacionados de la escala. Asimismo, la consistencia interna mostró evidencias de fiabilidad. Se obtuvieron evidencias de validez concurrente mediante un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales en el que el clima motivacional a la tarea predecía de forma positiva las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas y éstas, a su vez, la motivación intrínseca. Los resultados apoyan preliminarmente el uso de la versión española de la escala en el contexto de la educación superior (AU)

The aim of the present research was to translate and to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques using a sample of 324 university students (99 males and 225 females). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the correlated three factor structure of the scale. Like-wise, internal consistence showed evidences of reliability. The concurrent validity was tested using a structural equation model which task orientation climate predicted the three basic psychological needs and these, in turn, the intrinsic motivation. Results support preliminary the use of the Spanish version of the scale in higher education (AU)

The mediating role of perceived competence: testing a motivational sequence in university students / El rol mediador de la competencia percibida: análisis de una secuencia motivacional en estudiantes universitarios

In order to test the mediating role of perceived competence between each goal orientation (i.e. task and ego orientations) and intrinsic motivation in a motivational sequence in the context of university education, two models based on the cognitive evaluation theory and the achievement goal theory were tested with 276 Bolivian undergraduate students (138 males, 138 females), who completed Spanish versions of instruments designed to assess motivation, perceived competence, and positive emotions and interest. Two models were found with structural equation modeling techniques, one for ego orientation and one for task orientation. Results showed that perceived competence acts as a good mediator in the relation between ego orientation and intrinsic motivation, and as a partial mediator in the relation between task orientation and intrinsic motivation.

Con el objetivo de probar el rol mediador de la competencia percibida entre cada una de las orientaciones de meta (ego y tarea) y la motivación intrínseca en una secuencia motivacional en el contexto universitario, se examinaron dos modelos basados en la teoría de la evaluación cognitiva y en la teoría de metas de logro. Las versiones en español de varias pruebas de motivación para evaluar la competencia percibida y las emociones positivas y el interés, fueron completadas por 276 (138 hombres y 138 mujeres) estudiantes universitarios bolivianos. Mediante la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales se verificaron dos modelos, uno para la orientación al ego y otro para la orientación a la tarea. Los resultados mostraron que la competencia percibida resulta un buen mediador en la relación entre orientación al ego y motivación intrínseca, y un mediador parcial en la relación entre orientación a la tarea y motivación intrínseca.

Preliminary validation of a Brazilian version of the Sport Motivation Scale / Validación preliminar de una versión brasilera de la Escala de Motivación Deportiva

La Escala de Motivación Deportiva fue desarrollada en francés y traducida al inglés, siendo validada por Pelletier et al. (1995). Es basada en los principios de la Teoria de la auto-determinación. El presente estudio tradujo la versión en inglés al portugués para validarla con brasileños utilizando una muestra de 419 deportistas (127 mujeres y 292 hombres) de diez modalidades. La versión brasileña demonstró niveles satisfactorios de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal durante cuatro semanas. Los resultados del analisis factorial confirmatoria soportaron parcialmente la estructura de siete factores. Diferencias en el género fueron encontradas en todas las subescalas. Los resultados confirman la posibilidad de utilización de la version brasileña para evaluar la motivación en el deporte.

The Sport Motivation Scale was firstly developed in French and later translated into English and validated by Pelletier et al. (1995). It is based on the principles of self-determination theory. The present study translatedthe English version into Portuguese to access and validate it with Brazilian athletes using a sample of 419 athletes (127 women and 292 men) from ten sports. The Brazilian version of the scale showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency and temporal stability over a four-week period. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis partially supported the seven-factor structure. Finally, gender differences were found in all subscales. Taken together, these findings support the use of the Brazilian version of the scale for the assessment of motivation in sport.

Propuesta de un modelo explicativo del bienestar psicológico en el contexto deportivo / A proposal for an explanatory model of psychological well-being within the context of sport

El objetivo de este estudio fue poner a prueba un modelo teórico que explique el bienestar psicológico en el contexto del deporte. El modelo hipotetizó la influencia de la percepción del clima motivacional a la tarea, la inteligencia emocional percibida, la orientación a la tarea y la motivación intrínseca sobre el bienestar psicológico. Los participantes fueron 399 deportistas españoles, 281 hombres y 118 mujeres. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que la inteligencia emocional percibida medió parcialmente la relación entre el clima motivacional a la tarea y la orientación a la tarea, donde la orientación a la tarea influyó sobre la motivación intrínseca y ésta, a su vez, sobre el bienestar psicológico. Además, la inteligencia emocional percibida influyó directamente sobre el bienestar psicológico. El modelo se mostró invariante respecto a la variable aficionados versus profesionales. Los resultados son discutidos en el marco de la teoría de la autodeterminación y la teoría de las metas de logro (AU)

The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model that would explain psychological well-being within the contexts of sport. The model hypothesised the influence of the perceived task motivation climate, perceived emotional intelligence, task orientation and intrinsic motivation on psychological well-being. The participants were 399 Spanish athletes, 281 of whom were male and 118 female. Structural equation modelling showed that perceived emotional intelligence partially mediated the relationship between task motivational climate and task orientation, in which task orientation influenced intrinsic motivation and in turn, intrinsic motivation influenced psychological well-being. Furthermore, perceived emotional intelligence directly influenced psychological well-being. The model was invariant across two sport settings: amateur versus professional athletes. The findings are discussed within the framework of the selfdetermination and achievement goal theories (AU)

Propiedades pPsicomÉtricas de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en sujetos. Practicantes de actividad física / Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale in physical activity practitioners

el objetivo de este estudio ha sido traducir al español y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción con la Vida (swLs). La muestra estaba formada por 508 participantes en actividad física (275 hombres y 233 mujeres) con una media de edad de 34.31 años (DT = 11.85). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio mostraron evidencias de la validez de constructo, y la estructura factorial de la escala se mostró invariante respecto al género. Además, en el análisis de correlaciones la satisfacción con la vida mostró relaciones positivas y significativas con la motivación intrínseca y el autoconcepto físico. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron evidencias de fiabilidad y de validez predictiva del instrumento. estos resultados apoyan el uso de la swLs para evaluar la satisfacción con la vida en el contexto de actividad física en población adulta (AU)

The aim of this study was to translate into spanish and analyse the psychometric properties of the satisfaction with Life scale (swLs). The sample included 508 participants engaged in physical activity (275 men and 233 women) with a mean age of 34.31 years (sd = 11.85). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed evidence of construct validity, and the factorial structure of the scale was invariant with respect to gender. Furthermore, the correlations analysis showed that satisfaction with life was significantly and positively related to intrinsic motivation and physical self-concept. Finally, the results showed evidence of the instrument’s reliability and predictive validity. These results support the use of the swLs to assess satisfaction with life within the context of physical activity in adults (AU)

Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the «Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques» in the sports context

The aim of the present research was to translate and to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Satisfaction of Psychological Needs Scale, using a sample of 284 athletes (204 male and 78 female). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the correlated three-factor structure of the scale. Furthermore, the results showed evidence of convergence validity with the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. The predictive validity was tested using a structural equation model in which task orientation climate predicted the three basic psychological needs and these, in turn, intrinsic motivation. Likewise, we documented evidence of reliability, analyzed as internal consistency and temporal stability. Results partially support the use of the Spanish version of the scale in sports (AU)

El propósito de esta investigación fue traducir y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques en una muestra de 284 deportistas (204 hombres y 78 mujeres). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio confirmaron la estructura de tres factores correlacionados de la escala. Asimismo, se obtuvieron resultados que evidenciaron validez convergente con el Basic Psycological Needs in Exercise Scale y validez predictiva mediante un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales en el que el clima tarea predecía las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas y éstas, a su vez, la motivación intrínseca. Asimismo, se documentan evidencias de fiabilidad, analizada como consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. Los resultados apoyan preliminarmente el uso de la versión española en el contexto deportivo (AU)