Trans(gender) journeys: rights and the (non-)recognition of "human".

A human right paradigm has been challenging the biomedical perspectives that tend to be normalized in the Western context concerning the lives of trans people. The aim of this study is to understand how trans people in Portugal and Brazil perceive the (non-)recognition of their socio-cultural, economic and political rights. Specifically, the study intends to know in what extent these perceptions influence the processes of identity (de)construction. For this purpose, 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted with people self-identified as trans, transsexuals and transvestites in Brazil and Portugal. The narratives of the participants were analyzed according to the thematic analysis method and the following six main themes emerged: (i) Who are the rights for; (ii) Types of rights; (iii) Paradigm of distribution of rights; (iv) Local or global rights; (v) Non-recognition of the "human"; and, (vi) Transphobias (and cissexism). The results allowed the knowledge of rights and the non-recognition of the "human" which is the central organizer of the analysis. Among the main conclusions of this study, we emphasize the circumscription of rights to certain international, regional and/or national contexts; the existence of local instead of global rights, since they are influenced by regional and international law, but they depend on the legislation in force in each country; and the way human rights can also be understood as a platform of invisibility and exclusion of other people. Based on a commitment to social transformation, this article also contributes to rethinking the violence that is exercised on trans people as a continuum, whether through 'normalizing devices' by medical contexts, family contexts, public space, or even through internalized transphobia. Social structures produce and sustain transphobias and, simultaneously, are responsible for fighting them by changing the paradigm about the conception of transsexualities.

Quality of Life of Mothers and Fathers 4 to 6 Months After Birth: The Effect of a Very Preterm Delivery.

OBJECTIVES: The sparse literature on the effect of a preterm delivery on parents' quality of life (QoL) yields inconsistent results, restricting their analysis to mothers. The present study aimed to assess the effect of a very preterm delivery on parents' gender-specific perception of QoL, 4 to 6 months after birth. METHODS: A total of 117 parents of very preterm infants hospitalized at birth in a level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and 214 parents of never hospitalized full-term infants born in a public maternity, both located in the North of Portugal, participated in the study, 4 to 6 months after delivery (November 2013-June 2015). The Portuguese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF Inventory was applied and scores were transformed to reflect a 0 to 100 scale. RESULTS: The mean [standard deviation (SD)] of overall QoL ranged between 72.1 (13.3) among mothers of full-term infants and 74.6 (12.5) among mothers of very preterm infants. The perception of QoL was not significantly different among parents of very preterm and full-term infants, according to gender. The highest scores were observed in the psychological and physical dimensions, for both mothers and fathers. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: The lack of differences on the perception of QoL among mothers and fathers of very preterm and full-term infants, highlights the need to deeply understand and explore the influence of accommodation mechanisms, the extended family/community and health policies on parental QoL trajectories.

Fluidez sexual: contextualização histórica e contributos teóricos / Fluidez sexual: contextualización histórico y aportaciones teóricas / Sexual fluidity: historical contextualization and theoretical contributions

RESUMO. Neste estudo, tivemos como objetivo aprofundar o conceito de fluidez sexual pela análise crítica da literatura e de uma síntese integrativa sobre o tema. Nele, analisamos estudos que se debruçam sobre a fluidez sexual, exploramos o conceito, sob orientação do modo como Lisa Diamond o introduz na literatura científica, o define e operacionaliza. Por fim, debruçamo-nos sobre estudos no âmbito da fluidez sexual, a fim de perceber os significados atribuídos, e questionando o potencial viés de gênero que acompanha um conceito situado num tempo e num contexto heteronormativos. Como contributo para o aprofundamento do conceito e reforço das suas potencialidades, são apresentadas reflexões sobre a relação entre a fluidez sexual e a masculinidade hegemônica, uma relação pouco valorizada na literatura científica. Globalmente, este trabalho promove, criticamente e de modo interseccional, o questionamento sobre a fixação no sexo/gênero das pessoas envolvidas numa situação sexual e são discutidas as fronteiras do conceito de fluidez sexual e a sua (im)permeabilidade.

RESUMEN. En este estudio, buscamos profundizar el concepto de fluidez sexual a través de un análisis crítico de la literatura y de una síntesis integradora sobre el tema. Para tal, se analizaron estudios enfocados en la fluidez sexual y se exploró este mismo concepto según la guía de cómo Lisa Diamond lo introduce en la literatura científica, lo define y lo concretiza. El análisis de los estudios en torno de la fluidez sexual se realizó teniendo como objetivos comprender los significados atribuidos al concepto y cuestionar el posible sesgo de género que acompaña un concepto ubicado en un tiempo y en un contexto heteronormativos. De cara a profundizar el concepto y reforzar su potencial, se presentan reflexiones sobre la relación entre la fluidez sexual y la masculinidad hegemónica, una relación que no se tiene en cuenta habitualmente en la literatura científica. En general, este trabajo contribuye, de manera crítica e interseccional, al cuestionamiento sobre la fijación en el sexo/género de las personas involucradas en una situación sexual y discute los límites del concepto de fluidez sexual y su (im)permeabilidad.

ABSTRACT. In this study, we sought to deepen the concept of sexual fluidity through a critical analysis of the literature and an integrative synthesis on the topic. In it, we analyzed studies that focus on sexual fluidity, explored the concept, under the guidance of how Lisa Diamond introduces it into the scientific literature, defines it, and operationalizes it. Finally, we focused on studies on sexual fluidity, trying to understand the meanings attributed to the concept, questioning the potential gender bias that accompanies a concept located in a heteronormative time and context. As a contribution to the deepening of the concept and reinforcement of its potential, reflections are presented on the relationship between sexual fluidity and hegemonic masculinity, a relationship that is little valued in the scientific literature. Overall, this work promotes, critically and in an intersectional way, the questioning about the fixation in sex/gender of people involved in a sexual situation and discussed the boundaries of the concept of sexual fluidity and its (im)permeability.

A scoping review on studies about the quality of life of informal caregivers of stroke survivors.

PURPOSE: To assess the available evidence regarding the quality of life (QoL) of informal caregivers of stroke survivors, by identifying the instruments used to assess QoL, and its associated characteristics. METHODS: A scoping review was performed, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The electronic databases PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SciELO were searched for empirical, peer-reviewed, original, and full-length studies on the characteristics influencing the QoL of informal caregivers of stroke survivors. Eligibility and data extraction were conducted by two independent researchers. The main quantitative findings were synthesized, and qualitative data were explored by thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The included studies, 56 quantitative, 1 qualitative, and 1 mixed methods, were published between 1999 and 2020. A high heterogeneity was found regarding the assessment of QoL, and the characteristics influencing it. Only one study used an instrument specifically designed to assess the stroke caregivers' QoL. The QoL of informal caregivers was inversely associated with physical and mental health of stroke survivors and caregivers, while stroke characteristics with a better prognosis, caregivers' positive relationships, and a more supportive and participative social context were positively associated to QoL. CONCLUSION: There is a need for standardizing the assessment of the QoL of informal caregivers of stroke survivors, as well as for investing in cross-country/cultural studies with robust mixed methods designs to allow a deeper understanding of the experiences of caregivers. Further research, policies, and practices should consider the diversity and complexity of the characteristics influencing QoL, to empower informal caregivers and improve their QoL.

Debate epistemológico para o entendimento da pesquisa feminista construcionista social / Debate epistemológico a la comprensión de la investigación feminista social construccionista / Epistemological debate to the understanding of feminist social constructionist research

Resumo: Neste artigo, temos como objetivo estabelecer um diálogo entre as pesquisas construcionista social e feminista, destacando aproximações e possíveis tensões. Nossa discussão se faz a partir da sugestão da divisão da pesquisa feminista em três momentos: empiricista, standpoint e pós-moderno. Sugerimos que a interface entre as pesquisas construcionista social e feminista pós-moderna propõe a problematização de verdades universais, a partir da noção da construção social das realidades. A proposição epistemológica dessa interface é política e relacional, potencializa práticas pelo alargamento de possíveis temas e métodos de pesquisa, com especial interesse pelos efeitos de discursos opressivos para o cotidiano. Este artigo tem como principal contribuição o convite para que a comunidade científica se aproxime dos movimentos sociais feministas, reconhecendo suas demandas latentes e urgentes para transformação da sociedade.

Resumen: En este artículo, pretendemos establecer un diálogo entre la investigación construccionista social y la feminista, destacando similitudes y posibles tensiones. Nuestra discusión se basa en la sugerencia de dividir la investigación feminista en tres momentos: empirista, de punto de vista y posmoderna. Sugerimos que la interfaz entre la investigación construccionista social y la feminista posmoderna propone la problematización de las verdades universales, a partir de la noción de construcción social de las realidades. La propuesta epistemológica de esta interfaz es política y relacional, potencializa prácticas al ampliar posibles temas y métodos de investigación, con especial interés en los efectos de los discursos opresores en la vida cotidiana. El principal aporte de este artículo es invitar a la comunidad científica a acercarse a los movimientos sociales feministas, reconociendo sus demandas latentes y urgentes para la transformación de la sociedad.

Abstract: In this article, we aim to establish a dialogue between social constructionist and feminist research, highlighting similarities and possible tensions. Our discussion is based on the suggestion of dividing feminist research into three moments: empiricist, standpoint and postmodern. We suggest that the interface between social constructionist and postmodern feminist research proposes the problematization of universal truths, based on the notion of the social construction of realities. The epistemological proposition of this interface is political and relational, it potentiates practices by expanding possible themes and research methods, with a special interest in the effects of oppressive discourses on everyday life. The main contribution of this article is to invite the scientific community to approach feminist social movements, recognizing their latent and urgent demands for the transformation of society.

Violence in the affective-sexual trajectories of young gay men: "new" settings and "old" challenges. / Violências nas trajetórias afetivo-sexuais de jovens gays: "novas" configurações e "velhos" desafios.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of violence in the affective-sexual trajectories of young, cisgender gay men, from popular strata, in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazilian literature on violence against gay men generally focuses on the discrimination suffered by this population. However, the violence they are submitted to among family relationships due to their sexual orientation, or even their relationships known as "dating" or "hookup", is hardly discussed. This qualitative study used in-depth interviews based on a semi-structured guide to discuss violence during the young gay men's affective-sexual trajectory. The results evidenced multiple faces of violence during childhood and adolescence in family relationships, spanning their affective-sexual relationships in adolescence and youth, including sexual, physical, psychological, and institutional violence. Support networks are limited, for example, to a few friends and access to blogs on the Internet. No health professional was cited as a helping source. There is a need to discuss the prevention of violence and discuss health promotion of this social group, expanding the perspective on the various contemporary ways of relating intimately.

Este artigo aborda o fenômeno da violência nas trajetórias afetivo-sexuais de jovens gays cisgênero, pertencentes a camadas populares da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A literatura brasileira sobre violência contra homens gays, geralmente, tem como foco a discriminação sofrida por esta população, mas pouco se problematiza a violência que eles sofrem nas relações familiares devido à sua orientação sexual, ou ainda, em suas relações ditas como "namoro" ou "ficar". Com o objetivo de discutir a presença de violências durante a trajetória afetivo-sexual dos jovens, este estudo qualitativo realizou entrevistas em profundidade a partir de um roteiro semiestruturado. Os resultados mostraram que há múltiplas faces de violência que ocorrem durante a infância e adolescência nas relações familiares, perpassando nos seus relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais na adolescência e juventude, incluindo violências sexuais, físicas, psicológicas e institucionais. As redes de apoio dos jovens são limitadas, como exemplo, a poucos amigos e ao acesso de blogs na internet. Nenhum profissional de saúde foi citado pelos jovens como fonte de ajuda. Destaca-se também a necessidade de debater a prevenção da violência e promoção da saúde destes jovens, ampliando o olhar para as várias formas contemporâneas de se relacionar intimamente.

Violências nas trajetórias afetivo-sexuais de jovens gays: "novas" configurações e "velhos" desafios / Violence in the affective-sexual trajectories of young gay men: "new" settings and "old" challenges

Resumo Este artigo aborda o fenômeno da violência nas trajetórias afetivo-sexuais de jovens gays cisgênero, pertencentes a camadas populares da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A literatura brasileira sobre violência contra homens gays, geralmente, tem como foco a discriminação sofrida por esta população, mas pouco se problematiza a violência que eles sofrem nas relações familiares devido à sua orientação sexual, ou ainda, em suas relações ditas como "namoro" ou "ficar". Com o objetivo de discutir a presença de violências durante a trajetória afetivo-sexual dos jovens, este estudo qualitativo realizou entrevistas em profundidade a partir de um roteiro semiestruturado. Os resultados mostraram que há múltiplas faces de violência que ocorrem durante a infância e adolescência nas relações familiares, perpassando nos seus relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais na adolescência e juventude, incluindo violências sexuais, físicas, psicológicas e institucionais. As redes de apoio dos jovens são limitadas, como exemplo, a poucos amigos e ao acesso de blogs na internet. Nenhum profissional de saúde foi citado pelos jovens como fonte de ajuda. Destaca-se também a necessidade de debater a prevenção da violência e promoção da saúde destes jovens, ampliando o olhar para as várias formas contemporâneas de se relacionar intimamente.

Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of violence in the affective-sexual trajectories of young, cisgender gay men, from popular strata, in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazilian literature on violence against gay men generally focuses on the discrimination suffered by this population. However, the violence they are submitted to among family relationships due to their sexual orientation, or even their relationships known as "dating" or "hookup", is hardly discussed. This qualitative study used in-depth interviews based on a semi-structured guide to discuss violence during the young gay men's affective-sexual trajectory. The results evidenced multiple faces of violence during childhood and adolescence in family relationships, spanning their affective-sexual relationships in adolescence and youth, including sexual, physical, psychological, and institutional violence. Support networks are limited, for example, to a few friends and access to blogs on the Internet. No health professional was cited as a helping source. There is a need to discuss the prevention of violence and discuss health promotion of this social group, expanding the perspective on the various contemporary ways of relating intimately.

Psychomedical Interventions with Transgender People in Portugal and Brazil: A Critical Approach.

This study aims to analyze biopsychomedical interventions with transgender people. For this purpose, we carried out 35 semi-structured interviews with people who self-identify as transsexuals and transvestites in Brazil and Portugal. The responses of the study participants were systematized according to a thematic analysis, which led to the emergence of the following three main themes: "institutional power", "expectations of trans-bodies", and "experiences in health services". This study demonstrates how some trans people perform bodily modifications to fight the transphobia they experience throughout their lives. In addition, they believe that, by making their bodies conform to each other, they may become more attractive and desirable. The process of cisnormativity is, furthermore, conveyed by the idea present in the answers of some respondents: that having "integrated" bodies means facing less discrimination and that they will, therefore, obtain more satisfactory ways of personally and socially experiencing their identities. This study contributes to a deepening critical reflection on the experiences/exclusions of trans people, especially in the psychomedical context of "normalization" devices. Hence, just as social structures produce and sustain transphobia, the same structures are responsible for combating it.

História das abordagens científicas, médicas e psicológicas sobre as transexualidades e suas aproximações críticas / A history of scientific, medical and psychological approaches to transsexualities and their critical approach

Resumo Neste artigo, apresenta-se um breve enquadramento histórico das abordagens científicas, médicas e psicológicas sobre as transexualidades, tecendo um conjunto de considerações sobre a forma como tal enquadramento foi fundacional da noção de patologia associada às pessoas trans e como tem sido responsável pela manutenção da patologização destes indivíduos no imaginário coletivo. Para atingir tal objetivo, é desenhado um mapa cronológico dos acontecimentos que têm vindo a marcar, ao longo da história, o estudo e a intervenção com as pessoas trans a partir do modelo biomédico, referenciando algumas das personalidades que, no contexto ocidental, tiveram responsabilidade nesta visão biomédica das pessoas trans. No final deste trabalho, apresenta-se a discussão em torno da (des)patologização das transexualidades a partir do surgimento do paradigma centrado nos direitos humanos das pessoas trans e em propostas de autodeterminação dos seus corpos e identidades.

Abstract This study provides a brief historical background of scientific, medical and psychological approaches to transsexualities. It also makes considerations on how such approaches based the concept of pathology that is associated with trans people and how it has been responsible for maintaining the pathologization in the collective imaginary. More specifically, we will establish a chronology of events that, throughout history, have affected the study on and the intervention with trans people, based on the biomedical model. We will also refer to some Western figures responsible for creating this biomedical vision of trans people. Finally, the discussion about the (de)pathologization of transsexualities is presented, based on the emergence of the paradigm centered on the human rights of trans people and proposals for self-determination of their bodies and identities.

Prematurity-related knowledge among mothers and fathers of very preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: Empowering parents as health promoters may contribute to decrease the costs associated with prematurity. In Portugal, 8% and 1% of the births occurring in 2018 were preterm and very preterm, respectively. This study aimed to assess prematurity-related knowledge with regard to its prevalence, causes and consequences, according to sociodemographic, obstetric and offspring's characteristics, among mothers and fathers of very preterm infants. METHODS: Between May and July 2017, mothers and fathers of very preterm infants were invited to participate through the Portuguese association of parents for support to the premature baby, with 196 parents being included. Knowledge on prematurity (prevalence, causes and consequences) was collected through a structured online questionnaire. Reporting of this research follows STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Parents estimated a median prevalence of preterm and of very preterm delivery in Portugal of 15% and 8%, respectively. However, approximately 20% did not provide an estimate. More than 90% of the participants acknowledged placental complications, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction as causes of preterm delivery, whereas only 24.2% identified low socioeconomic status. Cardiac complications and respiratory morbidity were recognised as the main consequences of prematurity by more than 80% of the parents. Overall, parents with a higher socioeconomic status tended to provide correct responses more frequently than those with a low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed the existence of knowledge gaps regarding the prevalence, causes and consequences of premature delivery. Understanding the main facilitators and barriers to the achievement of prematurity-related knowledge may contribute for the global improvement of preventing this condition. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is crucial to include the improvement of parents' knowledge about prematurity as a complementary dimension during the provision of medical care, with nurses playing a key role as main sources of information.

Sex workers' narratives about clients with disabilities: can training improve sexual health in Portugal? / Narrativas de trabalhadores(as) do sexo sobre clientes com diversidade funcional: poderá a formação melhorar a saúde sexual em Portugal?

Abstract People with disabilities face barriers that limit their sexual lives. In Portugal, some individuals with physical impairments have shown interest in resorting to sexual assistance provided by trained professionals, according to the client's preferences and needs. However, in Portugal, sex workers lacking any formal training represent the only way to access commercial sex services. Thus, this study analyzes the experiences of sex workers that provide services for disabled clients. The interviews of thirteen sex workers were analyzed using the thematic analysis method proposed by Braun and Clarke. The key findings show that men seek out sexual and emotional satisfaction from sex work. Additionally, specificities inherent to the lack of training and the relationships established tend to embarrass professionals. Finally, we conclude that training coupled with sexual education and popular awareness about gender differences in the pursuit of sex is fundamental to improve the sexual health of those who choose sex services as a way of sexual expression.

Resumo As pessoas com diversidade funcional enfrentam barreiras que limitam suas vidas sexuais. Em Portugal, alguns indivíduos com incapacidades físicas demonstraram interesse em recorrer à assistência sexual, prestada por profissionais com formação, para responder às suas preferências e necessidades sexuais. Contudo, trabalhadores(as) do sexo, sem formação específica, representam a única forma de aceder a serviços sexuais comerciais. Assim, este estudo foca as experiências de trabalhadores(as) do sexo que prestam serviços a clientes com diversidade funcional. Treze entrevistas a trabalhadores(as) do sexo foram analisadas pelo método proposto por Braun e Clarke. Os principais resultados demonstraram que os clientes do trabalho sexual são majoritariamente homens e que as especificidades inerentes tanto à falta de formação como às relações estabelecidas tendem a gerar sentimentos de constrangimento nos(as) profissionais. Finalmente, concluiu-se que a formação aliada à educação sexual e uma reflexão crítica sobre as diferenças de gênero existentes no recurso ao sexo comercial são fundamentais para melhorar a saúde sexual daqueles(as) que escolhem os serviços sexuais como forma de expressão sexual.

Ação política e produção de subjetividade: a herança de terra, trabalho e participação política na produção de um éthos agricultora / Political action and production of subjectivity: the inheritance of land, labor and political participation in the production of a farmer ethos / Acción politíca y producción de subjetividad: a la herencia de la tierra, trabajo y participación política en la producción de un éthos agricultora

Ancorado nos estudos de gênero e modos de subjetivação, este estudo analisa as intersecções entre ação política e subjetividade na produção de um éthos agricultora.O estudo contempla o mapeamento e a análise das narrativas de mulheres trabalhadoras rurais sobre os efeitos das experiências associadas aos espaços da casa, da propriedade e do movimento social. As análises produzidas expressam saberes e práticas ligadas às trajetórias de vida das mulheres na agricultura familiar, marcadas pela herança de terra, trabalho e participação política.A herança transmitida, de geração em geração, reporta a problematizações acerca das posições historicamente ocupadas pelas mulheres nas relações familiares e de trabalho. A participação no movimento social de mulheres rurais contribui para a produção de estratégias de resistência e criação, uma vez que potencializa a abertura de modos de vida outros, para além daqueles associados às atribuições normativas de gênero.

Anchored in gender studies and modes of subjectivation, this study analyzes the intersections between politic action and the subjectivity in the production of a farmer ethos. The study contemplates the mapping and analysis of female rural workers narratives about their experiences in the spaces of the house, property and social movement. The analysis express knowledge and practices related to the life trajectories of women in family agriculture, marked by land inheritance, work and political participation. The transmitted inheritance, from generation to generation, reports to the problematizations about the positions historically occupied by women in family and work relations. Participation in the social movement of rural women contributes to the production of strategies of resistance and creation, since it potentiates the opening of other ways of life, in addition to those associated with normative gender attributions.

Anclado en los estudios de género y modos de subjetivación, este estudio analiza las intersecciones entre la acción política y la subjetividad en la producción de un ethos agricultora. El estudio contempla el mapeo y análisis de las narrativas de las trabajadoras rurales sobre los efectos de las experiencias asociadas con los espacios de la casa, de la propiedad y del movimiento social. Los análisis expresan conocimientos y prácticas relacionados con las trayectorias de vida de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar, caracterizadas por la herencia de tierras, el trabajo y la participación política. La herencia transmitida, de generación en generación, informa sobre las problematizaciones sobre los cargos que históricamente ocupan las mujeres en las relaciones familiares y laborales. La participación en el movimiento social de mujeres rurales contribuye a la producción de estrategias de resistencia y creación, ya que potencia la apertura de otras formas de vida, además de aquellas asociadas con las atribuciones normativas de género.

Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in ELSA-Brasil Cohort: Focusing on Gender Differences.

BACKGROUND: Discrimination is detrimental to physical and mental health, particularly insofar as health-risk behaviors are concerned. Particular attention has been paid to excess alcohol consumption and smoking in view of the ready availability of these substances in Western societies. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an association exists between perceived discrimination and excess alcohol intake and smoking in women and men enrolled in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. METHODS: The sample included in the ELSA-Brasil cohort consisted of 15,105 civil servants. Data from waves 1 and 2 of the study were used. A multidimensional questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and evaluate perceived discrimination, alcohol consumption, and smoking. RESULTS: An association was found between excess alcohol intake and perceived discrimination only in the men, with this association remaining significant in the youngest age group, in university-educated individuals, and in the group classified as middle-class. An association was found between smoking and lifetime perceived discrimination in women, particularly in those ≥60 years of age, brown-skinned women, those who had completed elementary school, and those classified as upper social class. This same association was found in the men, mainly those of 50-59 years of age, white-skinned males, those who had completed high school, those with a university education, and those classified as upper social class. Conclusions/Importance: Investing in public health policies aimed at combating the different forms of discrimination would appear essential. Not only does discrimination contribute to social injustice, but it also encourages health-risk behaviors such as excess alcohol intake and smoking.

Study on homophobic bullying in Portugal using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) / Estudio sobre Bullying Homofóbico en Portugal con recurso al Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples (ACM)

Educational institutions, as well as political, social and scientific discourses, have contributed towards discrimination and violence against people with non-normative sexual orientations. Acts of violence among peers (bullying) motivated by homophobia occur on a frequent basis in school contexts. This study aims to identify the patterns in which homophobic bullying (victim identified) takes place in Portuguese schools using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. This study involved the application of a questionnaire to people of both sexes before obtaining a total of 171 participants reporting themselves as victims of homophobic bullying in schools. Following the identification of eight indicators and the selection of two dimensions, while also structuring the axes in accordance with the representation space, four patterns of homophobic bullying could be identified: masculine violence, feminine violence, violence with less perceived impact, and violence with greater perceived impact. These different patterns have allowed us to learn about the different ways in which peer violence takes place in schools and its possible effects. Among the main study conclusions, it is highlighted how male participants were victims of violence at an earlier age than female participant victims. Another key finding is the complete lack of cases in which the aggressors were only female. Finally, a common conclusion to all participants, encapsulates how none of the victims reported the violence to their families for fear of losing family support by revealing a non-heterosexual orientation.

Las instituciones educativas, así como los discursos sociales, políticos y científicos, han contribuido a la discriminación y a la violencia contra las personas con orientaciones sexuales no normativas. Incluso en el contexto escolar suceden actos de violencia entre iguales (bullying) motivados por la homofobia. El estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los patrones en que ocurre el bullying homofóbico (identificado por las víctimas) en las escuelas portuguesas, recurriendo a un Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples. Este estudio se basa en un cuestionario en línea realizado a personas de ambos sexos, hasta un total de 171 participantes que manifestaron haber sido víctimas de bullying homofóbico en las escuelas. Con la identificación de 8 indicadores y la selección de 2 dimensiones como ejes estructurales del espacio de las representaciones fue posible identificar 4 patrones del bullying homofóbico: la violencia en el masculino, la violencia en el femenino, la violencia con menor impacto percibido y la violencia con mayor impacto percibido. Estos patrones de diferentes características nos han permitido reconocer diferentes formas en que tiene lugar la violencia entre iguales en las escuelas y sus posibles efectos. Entre las principales conclusiones del estudio destaca el hecho de que los participantes de sexo masculino fueron víctimas de violencia en edades más tempranas, mientras que las participantes de sexo femenino fueron víctimas en edades más avanzadas. Otra conclusión principal devela que no existe ningún caso en el que los sujetos agresores fueran únicamente de sexo femenino. Una conclusión más, común a todos los patrones identificados, es que ninguna víctima contó la violencia sufrida a la familia, por temor a perder el apoyo familiar al revelar una orientación sexual no heterosexual.

Portuguese nursing students' attitudes towards lesbians: from prejudice to recommendations for change / Atitudes de estudantes portugueses de enfermagem relativamente a lésbicas: do preconceito a recomendações para a mudança / Las actitudes de los estudiantes portugueses de enfermería relativamente a lesbianas: del perjuicio a recomendaciones para el cambio

This study intends to analyse the attitudes towards lesbians among Portuguese nursing students. For this purpose, a sample of 204 participants, with ages comprised between 18 and 31 years (M = 21), completed self-report questionnaires of discrimination and prejudice. The results revealed that nursing students tend to consider the healthcare domain to be the least discriminatory, as opposed to religion, which was considered the most discriminatory domain. The participants' heteronormativity was positively associated with the levels of healthcare discrimination. More negative attitudes were displayed by students living in rural areas and by those without lesbian friends. For this reason, it would be beneficial for students to have access to more information about the challenges posed to the lesbian community via direct contact with lesbians and via the inclusion of such information in their curricula. These practices have the potential to promote a deeper knowledge and more positive attitudes towards lesbians.(AU)

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as atitudes em relação a lésbicas, demonstradas por estudantes de enfermagem Portugueses. Uma amostra de 204 participantes, com idades entre 18 e 31 anos (M = 21), preencheram questionários de autorrelato de discriminação e preconceito. Os resultados revelaram que os estudantes consideram a saúde como a dimensão que menos discrimina, em oposição à religião, que foi considerada a dimensão mais discriminatória. A heteronormatividade dos participantes revelou estar positivamente associada com o nível de discriminação na área da saúde. Atitudes mais negativas foram demonstradas por estudantes que vivem em áreas rurais e por aqueles que não têm amigas lésbicas. Deste modo, seria importante que as alunas tivessem acesso a mais informação sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas lésbicas, através do contato direto com elas e da inclusão de informação a esse respeito nos currículos educativos. Estas práticas têm o potencial de promover um conhecimento mais aprofundado e atitudes mais positivas em relação a lésbicas.(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las actitudes hacia lesbianas, demostrados por los estudiantes de enfermería portugueses. Una muestra de 204 participantes, con edades entre 18 y 31 años (M = 21) completó cuestionarios auto-administrados de discriminación y prejuicio. Los resultados reblaran que los estudiantes consideran que la salud es la dimensión menos discriminatoria, en oposición a la religión, siendo esta considerada la dimensión más discriminatoria. La heteronormatividad de los participantes se asoció positivamente con el nivel de discriminación en el área de la salud. Actitudes más negativas fueron demostradas por las estudiantes que viven en zonas rurales y por los que no tienen amigas lesbianas. Por eso, sería deseable que las estudiantes tengan acceso a más información acerca de las dificultades que enfrentan las lesbianas, a través del contacto directo con ellas y la inclusión de información sobre el tema en los programas educativos. Estas prácticas tienen el potencial para promover una mejor comprensión y actitudes más positivas hacia las lesbianas.(AU)

Portuguese nursing students' attitudes towards lesbians: from prejudice to recommendations for change / Atitudes de estudantes portugueses de enfermagem relativamente a lésbicas: do preconceito a recomendações para a mudança / Las actitudes de los estudiantes portugueses de enfermería relativamente a lesbianas: del perjuicio a recomendaciones para el cambio

This study intends to analyse the attitudes towards lesbians among Portuguese nursing students. For this purpose, a sample of 204 participants, with ages comprised between 18 and 31 years (M = 21), completed self-report questionnaires of discrimination and prejudice. The results revealed that nursing students tend to consider the healthcare domain to be the least discriminatory, as opposed to religion, which was considered the most discriminatory domain. The participants' heteronormativity was positively associated with the levels of healthcare discrimination. More negative attitudes were displayed by students living in rural areas and by those without lesbian friends. For this reason, it would be beneficial for students to have access to more information about the challenges posed to the lesbian community via direct contact with lesbians and via the inclusion of such information in their curricula. These practices have the potential to promote a deeper knowledge and more positive attitudes towards lesbians.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as atitudes em relação a lésbicas, demonstradas por estudantes de enfermagem Portugueses. Uma amostra de 204 participantes, com idades entre 18 e 31 anos (M = 21), preencheram questionários de autorrelato de discriminação e preconceito. Os resultados revelaram que os estudantes consideram a saúde como a dimensão que menos discrimina, em oposição à religião, que foi considerada a dimensão mais discriminatória. A heteronormatividade dos participantes revelou estar positivamente associada com o nível de discriminação na área da saúde. Atitudes mais negativas foram demonstradas por estudantes que vivem em áreas rurais e por aqueles que não têm amigas lésbicas. Deste modo, seria importante que as alunas tivessem acesso a mais informação sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas lésbicas, através do contato direto com elas e da inclusão de informação a esse respeito nos currículos educativos. Estas práticas têm o potencial de promover um conhecimento mais aprofundado e atitudes mais positivas em relação a lésbicas.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las actitudes hacia lesbianas, demostrados por los estudiantes de enfermería portugueses. Una muestra de 204 participantes, con edades entre 18 y 31 años (M = 21) completó cuestionarios auto-administrados de discriminación y prejuicio. Los resultados reblaran que los estudiantes consideran que la salud es la dimensión menos discriminatoria, en oposición a la religión, siendo esta considerada la dimensión más discriminatoria. La heteronormatividad de los participantes se asoció positivamente con el nivel de discriminación en el área de la salud. Actitudes más negativas fueron demostradas por las estudiantes que viven en zonas rurales y por los que no tienen amigas lesbianas. Por eso, sería deseable que las estudiantes tengan acceso a más información acerca de las dificultades que enfrentan las lesbianas, a través del contacto directo con ellas y la inclusión de información sobre el tema en los programas educativos. Estas prácticas tienen el potencial para promover una mejor comprensión y actitudes más positivas hacia las lesbianas.

Factors Influencing Parent Reports of Facilitators and Barriers to Human Milk Supply in Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

BACKGROUND: Successful human milk supply in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) requires the development of family-centered services. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess parent perceptions of factors that help or hinder providing human milk to very preterm infants (VPI) in the NICU according to sociodemographic, reproductive, and obstetric characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional quantitative study included 120 mothers and 91 fathers of VPI hospitalized in a level 3 NICU located in the Northern Health Region of Portugal (July 2013-June 2014). Interviewers administered structured questionnaires regarding parent characteristics and the provision and perception of factors that help or hinder human milk supply in the NICU, 15 to 22 days after birth. RESULTS: The main facilitators of human milk supply were its contribution to infant growth and well-being (51.4%) and parents' knowledge of breastfeeding benefits (27.6%). The main barriers were worries related to inadequate milk supply (35.7%), difficulties with expressing breast milk (24.8%), and physical separation from infants (24.3%). Fathers referred less frequently to the contribution of human milk to infant growth and well-being (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-1.00) but more frequently to knowledge of breastfeeding benefits as facilitators (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.23-4.32). Participants with > 12 years of education (OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.05-3.47) and those with an extremely low birth weight infant (OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.02-3.54) highlighted worries related to inadequate milk supply. Fathers (OR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.11-4.19) and participants with ≤ 12 years of education (OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.11-0.57) more frequently reported difficulties with expressing as the main barrier. CONCLUSION: The parent's gender and education and the infant's birth weight are crucial considerations for establishing optimal practices for supporting breastfeeding.

Mulheres em contextos rurais: um mapeamento sobre gênero e ruralidade / Mujeres en contextos rurales: un mapeo sobre género y ruralidad / Women in rural contexts: a mapping on gender and rurality

O artigo objetiva mapear a produção de conhecimento nas áreas das ciências da saúde, humanas e sociais sobre gênero e ruralidade, a partir de uma análise crítica. Para isso, foram realizadas buscas no sítio Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior com as palavras-chave: gênero e rural, gênero e ruralidade, mulher e rural, mulher e ruralidade, no período de 2000-2014. A seleção gerou um total de 108 artigos, dos quais 25, que apresentavam discussões acerca dos modos de vida das mulheres em contextos rurais, foram incluídos neste estudo. A análise abordou discussões sobre as relações de gênero em espaços rurais e gênero e novas ruralidades. As produções analisadas reconhecem os avanços na temática de gênero em espaços rurais, no entanto, demarcam a necessidade de uma maior presença das teorias feministas na constituição de abordagens teóricas e metodológicas junto a esses contextos.

El artículo pretende mapear la producción de conocimiento en las áreas de ciencias de la salud, humanidades y social de género y ruralidad, desde un análisis crítico. Para ello, se realizaron búsquedas en el sitio de Revistas de la coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superiorcon las palabras clave: género y rural, género y ruralidad, las mujeres y el rural, mujer y ruralidad en el período 2000-2014. La selección generó un total de 108 artículos, de los cuales 25, que tenía discusiones sobre los modos de vida de las mujeres en el medio rural se incluyeron en este estudio. El análisis aborda los debates sobre las relaciones de género en las zonas rurales y de género y nuevas ruralidades. Las producciones analizadas reconocen avances en las cuestiones de género en las zonas rurales, sin embargo, demarcan la necesidad de una mayor presencia de las teorías feministas en la formación de los enfoques teóricos y metodológicos a lo largo de estos contextos.

The article aims to map the production of knowledge in the areas of health sciences, humanities and social gender and rurality, from a critical analysis. For this, searches were conducted at the website of portal de periódicos da coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior with the keywords: gender and rural, gender and rurality, and rural woman, woman and rurality in the 2000-2014 period. The selection generated a total of 108 articles, out of which 25 articles presented discussions about the ways of life of women in rural settings and therefore were included in this study. The analysis addressed discussions on gender relations in rural areas and gender and new ruralities. The analyzed productions recognize advances in gender issues in rural areas, however, distinguish the need for a greater presence of feminist theories in the formation of theoretical and methodological approaches with these contexts.

MULHERES EM CONTEXTOS RURAIS: UM MAPEAMENTO SOBRE GÊNERO E RURALIDADE / MUJERES EN CONTEXTOS RURALES: UN MAPEO SOBRE GÉNERO Y RURALIDAD / WOMEN IN RURAL CONTEXTS: A MAPPING ON GENDER AND RURALITY

Resumo O artigo objetiva mapear a produção de conhecimento nas áreas das ciências da saúde, humanas e sociais sobre gênero e ruralidade, a partir de uma análise crítica. Para isso, foram realizadas buscas no sítio Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior com as palavras-chave: gênero e rural, gênero e ruralidade, mulher e rural, mulher e ruralidade, no período de 2000-2014. A seleção gerou um total de 108 artigos, dos quais 25, que apresentavam discussões acerca dos modos de vida das mulheres em contextos rurais, foram incluídos neste estudo. A análise abordou discussões sobre as relações de gênero em espaços rurais e gênero e novas ruralidades. As produções analisadas reconhecem os avanços na temática de gênero em espaços rurais, no entanto, demarcam a necessidade de uma maior presença das teorias feministas na constituição de abordagens teóricas e metodológicas junto a esses contextos.(AU)

Resumen El artículo pretende mapear la producción de conocimiento en las áreas de ciencias de la salud, humanidades y social de género y ruralidad, desde un análisis crítico. Para ello, se realizaron búsquedas en el sitio de Revistas de la coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superiorcon las palabras clave: género y rural, género y ruralidad, las mujeres y el rural, mujer y ruralidad en el período 2000-2014. La selección generó un total de 108 artículos, de los cuales 25, que tenía discusiones sobre los modos de vida de las mujeres en el medio rural se incluyeron en este estudio. El análisis aborda los debates sobre las relaciones de género en las zonas rurales y de género y nuevas ruralidades. Las producciones analizadas reconocen avances en las cuestiones de género en las zonas rurales, sin embargo, demarcan la necesidad de una mayor presencia de las teorías feministas en la formación de los enfoques teóricos y metodológicos a lo largo de estos contextos.(AU)

Abstract The article aims to map the production of knowledge in the areas of health sciences, humanities and social gender and rurality, from a critical analysis. For this, searches were conducted at the website of portal de periódicos da coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior with the keywords: gender and rural, gender and rurality, and rural woman, woman and rurality in the 2000-2014 period. The selection generated a total of 108 articles, out of which 25 articles presented discussions about the ways of life of women in rural settings and therefore were included in this study. The analysis addressed discussions on gender relations in rural areas and gender and new ruralities. The analyzed productions recognize advances in gender issues in rural areas, however, distinguish the need for a greater presence of feminist theories in the formation of theoretical and methodological approaches with these contexts.(AU)