Non-negligible impact of microplastics on wetland ecosystems.

There has been much concern about microplastic (MP) pollution in marine and soil environments, but attention is gradually shifting towards wetland ecosystems, which are a transitional zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This paper comprehensively reviews the sources of MPs in wetland ecosystems, as well as their occurrence characteristics, factors influencing their migration, and their effects on animals, plants, microorganisms, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It was found that MPs in wetland ecosystems originate mainly from anthropogenic sources (sewage discharge, and agricultural and industrial production) and natural sources (rainfall-runoff, atmospheric deposition, and tidal effects). The most common types and forms of MPs identified in the literature were polyethylene and polypropylene, fibers, and fragments. The migration of MPs in wetlands is influenced by both non-biological factors (the physicochemical properties of MPs, sediment characteristics, and hydrodynamic conditions) and biological factors (the adsorption and growth interception by plant roots, ingestion, and animal excretion). Furthermore, once MPs enter wetland ecosystems, they can impact the resident microorganisms, animals, and plants. They also have a role in global warming because MPs act as unique exogenous carbon sources, and can also influence GHG emissions in wetland ecosystems by affecting the microbial community structure in wetland sediments and abundance of genes associated with GHG emissions. However, further investigation is needed into the influence of MP type, size, and concentration on the GHG emissions in wetlands and the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the accumulation of MPs in wetland ecosystems can have far-reaching consequences for the local ecosystem, human health, and global climate regulation. Understanding the effects of MPs on wetland ecosystems is essential for developing effective management and mitigation strategies to safeguard these valuable and vulnerable environments.

Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei n. gen. et comb. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonidae): A redescription of the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (Tourtip et al., 2009), a microsporidian infecting the widely cultivated shrimp Penaeus vannamei.

The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei from Penaeus vannamei (EHPPv) was redescribed on the basis of spore morphology, life cycle, pathology, and molecular character. Compared with the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei isolated from Penaeus monodon (EHPPm), described by Tourtip et al. in 2009, new features were found in EHPPv. Electron microscopy demonstrated that EHPPv was closely associated with the nucleus of host cell. The merogony and sporogony phages were in direct contact with the cytoplasm of host cells, whereas some of the sporoblasts and the spores were surrounded by the interfacial envelope. Mature spores of EHPPv were oval and monokaryotic, measuring 1.65 ± 0.15 µm × 0.92 ± 0.05 µm. Spores possessed many polyribosomes around a bipartite polaroplast and the polar filament with 4-5 coils in two rows. Phylogenetic analyses showed all Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei isolates shared a common ancestor. Based on the morphological and molecular analyses, we propose the establishment of a new genus Ecytonucleospora and transferring Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei to the genus Ecytonucleospora, retaining the specific epithet hepatopenaei that Tourtip et al. proposed in recognition of their first research, as the new combination Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei n. comb. Furthermore, it was suggested Enterospora nucleophila, Enterocytozoon sp. isolate RA19015_21, and Enterocytozoon schreckii be assigned into this new genus.

Advances in translational therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer.

Translational therapy refers to a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer who are initially unable to undergo R0 resection. This treatment can achieve partial or complete remission of the unresectable tumors to meet the criteria for R0 resection, thus enabling the patients to prolong their survival time and improve their quality of life. In gastric cancer, translational therapy has been tried and improved. At present, there are a large number of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer in China, and the selection of suitable patients for translational therapy to prolong objective survival and improve survival quality is one of the hot spots in the field of gastric cancer research.

Microplastics distribution and microbial community characteristics of farmland soil under different mulch methods.

The widespread use of plastic film in agricultural production has resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of residual plastic film in the soil, and most of the plastic residuals eventually break up into microplastics (MPs). However, the effects of different film mulching methods on the soil ecosystems are largely unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the MPs distribution and the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure in the farmland soil tillage layer covered with different mulching method of film. The results indicate that the film mulching method had no significant effect on the soil pH and organic matter content, however, the respiration intensity of the soil covered with mulching film (MF) (60.11-84.99 µg/g) and shed film (SF) (56.10-65.68 µg/g) was significantly higher than that covered with shed film & mulching film (SMF) (17.25-39.16 µg/g). The MPs abundance in the soil covered with MF (1367 particles/kg soil) was significantly higher than that covered with SF (800 particles/kg soil) and slightly higher than that with SMF (1000 particles/kg soil). The small-sized (0-0.5 mm) MPs abundance was increased with the tillage layer depth (0-20 cm), while the large-sized (1-5 mm) MPs abundance was the opposite. In addition, in the soil covered with agricultural film, the dominant phylum and genera of the bacteria were Proteobacteria (relative abundance was 64.06 %) and Pseudomonas (13.16 %), respectively. In the soil without agricultural film application as a control treatment, the diversity of the soil bacterial community was higher than that in the soil covered with agricultural film, and the relative abundances of the top 10 genera were all less than 5 %. Overall, this study provides essential information for understanding the effects of different film mulching methods on the agricultural systems. Overall, this study provides essential information for understanding the effects of different film mulching methods on the distribution of MPs and the biogeochemical properties of farmland soils.

Transcriptome alterations in chicken HD11 cells with steady knockdown and overexpression of RIPK2 gene.

Receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is involved in a variety of signaling pathway to produce a series of inflammatory cytokines in response to a diverse of bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. However, the underlying regulating of RIPK2 remain unknown. Transcriptome alterations in chicken HD11 cells following RIPK2 overexpression or silencing by shRNA were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Both overexpression and knockdown of the RIPK2 gene caused wide-spread changes in gene expression in chicken HD11 cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by altered RIPK2 gene expression were associated with multiple biological processes linked with biological regulation, response to stimulus, cell communication, and signal transduction etc. KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs were enriched in VEGF signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion, TGF-beta signaling pathway etc. Moreover, we show that initiation genes, TGFB1 and TGFB3, in the TGF-beta signaling pathway are biological targets regulated by RIPK2 in chicken HD11 cells. This is the first transcriptome-wide study in which RIPK2-regulated genes in chicken cells have been screened. Our findings elucidate the molecular events associated with RIPK2 in chicken HD11 cells.

Speech silence character as a diagnostic biomarker of early cognitive decline and its functional mechanism: a multicenter cross-sectional cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Language deficits frequently occur during the prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the characteristics of linguistic impairment and its underlying mechanism(s) remain to be explored for the early diagnosis of AD. METHODS: The percentage of silence duration (PSD) of 324 subjects was analyzed, including patients with AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and normal controls (NC) recruited from the China multi-center cohort, and the diagnostic efficiency was replicated from the Pitt center cohort. Furthermore, the specific language network involved in the fragmented speech was analyzed using task-based functional magnetic resonance. RESULTS: In the China cohort, PSD increased significantly in aMCI and AD patients. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves is 0.74, 0.84, and 0.80 in the classification of NC/aMCI, NC/AD, and NC/aMCI+AD. In the Pitt center cohort, PSD was verified as a reliable diagnosis biomarker to differentiate mild AD patients from NC. Next, in response to fluency tasks, clusters in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule deactivated markedly in the aMCI/AD group (cluster-level P < 0.05, family-wise error (FWE) corrected). In the patient group (AD+aMCI), higher activation level of the right pars triangularis was associated with higher PSD in in both semantic and phonemic tasks. CONCLUSIONS: PSD is a reliable diagnostic biomarker for the early stage of AD and aMCI. At as early as aMCI phase, the brain response to fluency tasks was inhibited markedly, partly explaining why PSD was elevated simultaneously.

First report of haemosporidia and associated risk factors in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) in China.

BACKGROUND: Avian haemosporidia infect both domestic and wild birds, causing anemia, acute tissue degeneration, and depopulation in wild birds. Poultry and wild birds have been reported as common reservoirs of haemosporidia, but limited information is available for red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) in China. The present study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of haemosporidia in red junglefowl. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 234 red junglefowl from Jinghong City of Yunnan Province, and genomic DNA was extracted from these samples. The prevalence of haemosporidia was determined by nested PCR targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Molecular characterization was investigated based on phylogenetic analysis of cytb sequences, and associated risk factors were analyzed using the Chi-square (χ2) test. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of haemosporidia was 74.8% (175/234), and three species were identified, namely Haemoproteus enucleator, Leucocytozoon californicus, and Plasmodium juxtanucleare. The prevalence of haemosporidia in adult fowl (81.1%, 107/132) was significantly higher (χ2 = 6.32, df = 1, P = 0.012) than that in juveniles (66.7%, 68/102). Three novel haemosporidian lineages were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the prevalence and identified species of avian haemosporidians in red junglefowl, providing new information on the molecular epidemiology and geographical distribution of haemosporidian parasites. Our results indicated high prevalence and diverse species distribution of these haemosporidians in red junglefowl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of haemosporidian infection in red junglefowl in China.

Effect of Anti-Hp treatment on nutritional status of children with Helicobacter Pylori-Positive Gastritis and its clinical significance.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcome of anti-HP treatment on the nutritional status of children with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis. METHODS: Sixty children with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected as the experimental group, and 60 healthy normal people (Hp negative) were selected as the control group. The experimental group were given anti-HP treatment, and the improvement of their clinical symptoms after treatment and the changes of nutritional indexes such as hemoglobin and serum ferritin were observed one year after treatment. Gastroscopy was performed before treatment and four weeks after treatment, and the improvement of gastric inflammation and the positive rate of Hp were compared and analyzed before and after treatment. RESULTS: The nutritional indicators of the children in experimental group were inferior compared with those in the control group (p<0.05). The clinical symptoms and signs of the experimental group were significantly alleviated after anti-Hp treatment, and the biochemical indicators were significantly improved after one Year of follow-up compared with those before treatment (p<0.05). The incidence of moderate and severe gastric mucosal inflammation in the experimental group decreased from 70% before treatment to 17% (p<0.05). The HP infection decreased from 100% before treatment to 13% (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Helicobacter pylori infection has a negative impact on the nutritional status of children. Anti-HP therapy can improve the gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional status of children, which plays an important role in the growth and development of children.

Exogenous Glutathione Alleviates Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat by Influencing the Absorption and Translocation of Cadmium.

Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, is harmful to plants and human health. Glutathione (GSH) could alleviate Cd toxicity of plant species, whereas its mechanism responsible for wheat remains poorly understood. Here, we found that exogenous GSH application significantly increased the fresh and dry weight, root elongation, chlorophyll contents, while decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and GSH, and translocation factor of Cd compared with Cd treatment. Moreover, GSH application significantly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of related genes, which involved in GSH synthesis, especially in roots. In addition, we found that GSH application suppressed Cd-induced expression of metal transporter genes TaNramp1, TaNramp5, TaHMA2, TaHMA3, TaLCT1 and TaIRT2 in roots. Taken together, our results suggested that GSH could alleviate Cd toxicity in wheat by increasing GSH synthesis gene expression or suppressing Cd transporter genes expression, and further affecting Cd uptake and translocation in wheat plants.

Effect of electroacupuncture on glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats with hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombus.

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to reduce blood lipid level and improve cerebral ischemia in rats with hyperlipemia complicated by cerebral ischemia. However, there are few studies on the results and mechanism of the effect of EA in reducing blood lipid level or promoting neural repair after stroke in hyperlipidemic subjects. In this study, EA was applied to a rat model of hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis and the condition of neurons and astrocytes after hippocampal injury was assessed. Except for the normal group, rats in other groups were fed a high-fat diet throughout the whole experiment. Hyperlipidemia models were established in rats fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. Middle cerebral artery thrombus models were induced by pasting 50% FeCl3 filter paper on the left middle cerebral artery for 20 minutes on day 50 as the model group. EA1 group rats received EA at bilateral ST40 (Fenglong) for 7 days before the thrombosis. Rats in the EA1 and EA2 groups received EA at GV20 (Baihui) and bilateral ST40 for 14 days after model establishment. Neuronal health was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in the brain. Hyperlipidemia was assessed by biochemical methods that measured total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in blood sera. Behavioral analysis was used to confirm the establishment of the model. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampal CA1 region. The results demonstrated that, compared with the model group, blood lipid levels significantly decreased, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was significantly weakened and nerve growth factor immunoreactivity was significantly enhanced in the EA1 and EA2 groups. The repair effect was superior in the EA1 group than in the EA2 group. These findings confirm that EA can reduce blood lipid, inhibit glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and promote nerve growth factor expression in the hippocampal CA1 region after hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Animal Use and Management Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China (approval No. BUCM-3-2018022802-1002) on April 12, 2018.

[Enhanced Membrane Anti-fouling Ability of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Equipped with Bio-electrochemical System Using Nano-zero-valent Iron and Its Regulation Mechanism].

Membrane fouling is the biggest challenge of membrane bioreactor industrialization. In this study, a bio-electrochemical system (BES)-anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) system was constructed, and the effect of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) on membrane anti-fouling ability and methane production was investigated. The results showed that the BES-AnMBR system was stable and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate was maintained at approximately 95%. The optimum condition was observed to be nZVI 0.1 g·g-1(VS). Under this condition, transmembrane pressure (TMP) was reduced by 28.1%, the membrane flux had a slight improvement, and methane production was up to 81.3 mL·g-1(CODremoved). This was 12.1% higher than that of the control. In addition, a further analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fraction and membrane resistance showed that nZVI enhanced EPS decomposition, promoted the formation of an iron-rich layer of inorganic and organic matters on the membrane surface, and changed the distribution of organics and inorganics, thereby significantly alleviating membrane fouling. This study will enrich basic theory of conventional AnMBR and provide a new solution for efficient sludge treatment and resource utilization.

Relationship between myocardial enzyme levels, hepatic function and metabolic acidosis in children with rotavirus infection diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between myocardial enzymes, liver function and metabolic acidosis in children with rotavirus infection diarrhea. METHODS: The data of 70 children with infectious diarrhea treated in Baoding Children's Hospital, China, from October 2017 to April 2018 were retrospectively studied. The antigen of rotavirus in feces was positive by colloidal gold method. According to the clinical features of biochemical indicators and mental status, the patients were divided into four groups, an acidosis-free group, a mild acidosis group, a moderate acidosis group and a severe acidosis group, in line with acidosis severity. In addition to detecting the hepatic functions of the pediatric patients in the four groups, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransfer (ALT) levels, and myocardial enzyme levels (e.g., creatine kinase, or CK, and creatine kinase isoenzyme, or CK-MB), the relationships of hepatic function, myocardial enzyme levels and acidosis severity of the patients with infectious diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in sex and age among the four groups (P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the frequency of diarrhea and vomiting (p<0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in creatine kinase, CK-MB, AST and ALT levels in children with metabolic acidosis of different severities. CONCLUSION: With the aggravation of metabolic acidosis, infectious diarrhea caused by rotavirus is characterized by the aggravation of hepatic function and myocardial cells.

The aging-liked alterations in Cushing's disease: A neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) study.

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoid (GC) is probably related to biological aging, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. Cushing's disease (CD) could represent a unique human model for examining the effects of prolonged exposure to hypercortisolism and its relationship with aging. Thus, we studied the alterations of neurites in CD patients with Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). METHODS: CD patients (n = 15) and healthy control subjects (n = 15) were included in this study. Orientation dispersion index (Odi), neurite density index (Ndi), partial fraction of free water (fiso), partial fraction of extracellular water (fec) were examined in a cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS: Significant altered NODDI parameters were found in CD patients. Some of these alterations were correlated with current age. Additionally, increased dendritic density was found in cerebellar of CD patients. CONCLUSION: Hypercortisolism relative reductions of the dendritic density were correlated with current age in several regions of CD patients. Our study enhances the understanding of the link between the aging and GC.

Rosiglitazone ameliorates tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain hemorrhage after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Delayed thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may exacerbate blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after ischemic stroke and lead to catastrophic hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Rosiglitazone(RSG), a widely used antidiabetic drug that activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia through promoting poststroke microglial polarization toward the beneficial anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, whether RSG can alleviate HT after delayed tPA treatment remains unknown. In this study, we sort to examine the role of RSG on tPA-induced HT after stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used the murine suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models of stroke followed by delayed administration of tPA (10 mg/kg, 2 hours after suture occlusion) to investigate the therapeutic potential of RSG against tPA-induced HT. When RSG(6 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 1 hour before MCAO in tPA-treated MCAO mice, HT in the ischemic territory was significantly attenuated 1 day after stroke. In the tPA-treated MCAO mice, we found RSG significantly mitigated BBB disruption and hemorrhage development compared to tPA-alone-treated stroke mice. Using flow cytometry and immunostaining, we confirmed that the expression of CD206 was significantly upregulated while the expression of iNOS was down-regulated in microglia of the RSG-treated mice. We further found that the expression of Arg-1 was also upregulated in those tPA and RSG-treated stroke mice and the protection against tPA-induced HT and BBB disruption in these mice were abolished in the presence of PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (4 mg/kg, 1 hour before dMCAO through intraperitoneal injection). CONCLUSIONS: RSG treatment protects against BBB damage and ameliorates HT in delayed tPA-treated stroke mice by activating PPAR-γ and favoring microglial polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Reversible and the irreversible structural alterations on brain after resolution of hypercortisolism in Cushing's disease.

The adverse effects of hypercortisolism on the human brain have been highlighted in previous studies of Cushing's disease (CD). However, the reversibility of brain damage after the resolution of hypercortisolism remains unclear. Thus, we studied the potential volumetric reversibility in biochemically remitted CD patients. Cross-sectional analysis demonstrated the active CD patients (n = 61) had the smallest gray matter (GM) volumes (553.33 ±â€¯45.90 CM3) among four groups. While the GM volumes of short-term remitted CD patients (586.62 ±â€¯46.89 CM3, n = 28) and long-term remitted CD patients (596.58 ±â€¯45.95 CM3, n = 35) were between those of the active CD patients and healthy control subjects (628.14 ±â€¯46.88 CM3, n = 74). Moreover, significant positive correlations between remitted time and GM volumes were only found in short-term remitted CD patients. On the contrary, the alterations of white matter (WM) in CD patients seem to be independent of concomitant hypercortisolism, persisting after remission. A preliminary longitude analysis also demonstrated similar results. Volumetric reversibility of GM, but not WM is highly prevalent in short-term after resolution of hypercortisolism in Cushing disease. Our study enhances our understanding of the reversible and the irreversible structural alterations in the human brain due to hypercortisolism.

PITUITARY STALK THICKENING IN A LARGE COHORT: TOWARD MORE ACCURATE PREDICTORS OF PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION AND ETIOLOGY.

Objective: To summarize the characteristics of patients with pituitary stalk thickening, analyze the association between pituitary stalk width and hypopituitarism, and develop a diagnostic model to differentiate neoplastic and inflammatory origins. Methods: A total of 325 patients with pituitary stalk thickening in a tertiary teaching hospital between January 2012 and February 2018 were enrolled. Basic characteristics and hormonal status were evaluated. Indicators to predict etiology in patients with histologic diagnoses were analyzed. Results: Of the 325 patients, 62.5% were female. Deficiency in gonadotropin was most common, followed by corticotropin, growth hormone, and thyrotropin. The increase in pituitary stalk width was associated with a risk of central diabetes insipidus (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; P<.001) and with a combination of central diabetes insipidus and anterior pituitary deficiency (OR, 2.28; P = .029). The cut-off pituitary stalk width of 4.75 mm had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 71.4% for the presence of central diabetes insipidus together with anterior pituitary deficiency. Six indicators (central diabetes insipidus, pattern of pituitary stalk thickening, pituitary stalk width, neutrophilic granulocyte percentage, serum sodium level, and gender) were used to develop a model having an accuracy of 95.7% to differentiate neoplastic from inflammatory causes. Conclusion: Pituitary stalk width could indicate the presence of anterior pituitary dysfunction, especially in central diabetes insipidus patients. With the use of a diagnostic model, the neoplastic and inflammatory causes of pituitary stalk thickening could be preliminarily differentiated. Abbreviations: APD = anterior pituitary dysfunction; AUC = area under the curve; CDI = central diabetes insipidus; GH = growth hormone; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OR = odd ratio; PHBS = posterior hypophyseal bright spots; PST = pituitary stalk thickening; PSW = pituitary stalk width.

Computerized cognitive training for Chinese mild cognitive impairment patients: A neuropsychological and fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: Computerized multi-model training has been widely studied for its effect on delaying cognitive decline. In this study, we designed the first Chinese-version computer-based multi-model cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Neuropsychological effects and neural activity changes assessed by functional MRI were both evaluated. METHOD: MCI patients in the training group were asked to take training 3-4 times per week for 6 months. Neuropsychological and resting-state fMRI assessment were performed at baseline and at 6 months. Patients in both groups were continuously followed up for another 12 months and assessed by neuropsychological tests again. RESULTS: 78 patients in the training group and 63 patients in the control group accomplished 6-month follow-up. Training group improved 0.23 standard deviation (SD) of mini-mental state examination, while control group had 0.5 SD decline. Addenbrooke's cognitive examination-revised scores in attention (p = 0.002) and memory (p = 0.006), as well as stroop color-word test interference index (p = 0.038) and complex figure test-copy score (p = 0.035) were also in favor of the training effect. Difference between the changes of two groups after training was not statistically significant. The fMRI showed increased regional activity at bilateral temporal poles, insular cortices and hippocampus. However, difference between the changes of two groups after another 12 months was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-model cognitive training help MCI patients to gained cognition benefit, especially in memory, attention and executive function. Functional neuroimaging provided consistent neural activation evidence. Nevertheless, after one-year follow up after last training, training effects were not significant. The study provided new evidence of beneficial effect of multi-model cognitive training.

Mechanisms of tanshinone Ⅱ_A in reducing 4-HNE-induced hepatocyte damage by activating PPARα / 中国中药杂志

Tanshinone Ⅱ_A( Tan Ⅱ_A),the liposoluble constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza,can not only ameliorate the lipidic metabolism and decrease the concentration of lipid peroxidation,but also resist oxidation damage,scavenge free radicals and control inflammation,with a protective effect on prognosis after liver function impairment. Therefore,the studies on the exact mechanism of Tan Ⅱ_A in protecting the liver can provide important theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention and treatment effect of Tan Ⅱ_A for liver injury. In the present study,the protective effects and mechanism of Tan Ⅱ_A on 4-hydroxynonenal( 4-HNE)-induced liver injury were investigated in vitro. Normal liver tissues NCTC 1469 cells were used to induce hepatocytes oxidative damages by 4-HNE treatment. The protective effect of Tan Ⅱ_A on hepatocytes oxidative damages was detected by release amount of lactate dehydrogenase( LDH) analysis and hoechst staining. The protein expression changes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α( PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator response element( PPRE) were analyzed by Western blot analysis in NCTC 1469 cells before and after Tan Ⅱ_A treatment. The gene expression changes of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase( FALDH) were analyzed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction( PCR) analysis. The results showed that 4-HNE increased the release amount of LDH,lowered the cell viability of NCTC 1469 cells,and Tan Ⅱ_A reversed 4-HNE-induced hepatocyte damage. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR analysis results showed that 4-HNE decreased the expression of PPARα and FALDH and increased the expression of 4-HNE. However,the expression of PPARα and FALDH were increased significantly and the expression of 4-HNE was decreased obviously after Tan Ⅱ_A treatment. This study confirmed that the curative effect of Tan Ⅱ_A was obvious on hepatocytes damage,and the mechanism may be associated with activating PPARα and FALDH expression as well as scavenging 4-HNE.

Analysis on risk factor of chronic disease-related behaviors among adult residents in Liubei District, Liuzhou City / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the risk factor of chronic disease-related behaviors such as smoking, drinking, exercising and eating habit among residents in Liubei District, Liuzhou City. Methods 2 487 adult residents in Liubei District were sampled by multistage sampling method and surveyed on their way of life and behavior risk factors. The content of questionnaire involved familial population information, past medical history, way of life and eating habit. EpiData 3.1 was applied to install database, SPSS 17.0 was used for data analysis, multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factor of chronic disease-related behaviors. Results The rates of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were 13.63%，4.22%，3.62%,0.36% and 6.84%, respectively. The rate of smoking, drinking, doing physical exercise and eat breakfast regularly were 22.92%, 5.43%，52.87% and 93.07%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that older and smoking were risk factors of chronic disease, while physical exercise was protective factor of chronic disease. Conclusions Intervening measure taken in chronic disease demonstration zone were effective in the past 5 years， and health education on behavioral intervention should be carried on continuous to reduce incidence of chronic disease.