Climate effect on the growth and hydraulic traits of two shrubs from the top of a Mediterranean mountain.

Increasing mean global temperatures in conjunction with increases in the frequency and severity of drought events affect plant growth and physiology, particularly in more arid and mountainous ecosystems. Thus, it is imperative to understand the response of plant growth to climatic oscillations in these regions. This study used dendrochronological and wood anatomical traits of two shrub species growing over 1500 m.a.s.l. in the Serra da Estrela (Portugal), Juniperus communis and Cytisus oromediterraneus, to analyze their response to temperature and water availability parameters. Results showed an increase in shrub growth related to the increase over time of the mean minimum and maximum monthly temperature in Serra da Estrela. Warming seems to promote shrub growth because it lengthens the growing season, although J. communis responds mainly to spring maximum temperature while C. oromediterraneus is influenced by fall maximum temperature. Hydraulic traits of J. communis and C. oromediterraneus were negatively influenced by winter drought. Additionally, there were species-specific differences in response to changes in water availability. J. communis radial growth was significantly affected by spring drought conditions, while C. oromediterraneus radial growth was significantly affected by spring precipitation. C. oromediterraneus hydraulic traits were also significantly affected by drought conditions from the previous spring and fall. This study shed light on specific differences in the response to climate between two co-occurring shrub species in the top of an understudied Mediterranean mountain, which could have implications in the future distribution of woody species within this region.

Intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings are proxies of air temperature across Europe.

Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations (IADFs) are an important wood functional trait that determine trees' ability to adapt to climatic changes. Here, we use a large tree-ring database of 11 species from 89 sites across eight European countries, covering a climatic gradient from the Mediterranean to northern Europe, to analyze how climate variations drive IADF formation. We found that IADF occurrence increases nonlinearly with ring width in both gymnosperms and angiosperms and decreases with altitude and age. Recently recorded higher mean annual temperatures facilitate the formation of IADFs in almost all the studied species. Precipitation plays a significant role in inducing IADFs in species that exhibit drought tolerance capability, and a growth pattern known as bimodal growth. Our findings suggest that species with bimodal growth patterns growing in western and southern Europe will form IADFs more frequently, as an adaptation to increasing temperatures and droughts.

Variation in seed packaging of a fleshy-fruited conifer provides insights into the ecology and evolution of multi-seeded fruits.

The study of intraspecific seed packaging (i.e. seed size/number strategy) variation across different populations may allow better understanding of the ecological forces that drive seed evolution in plants. Juniperus thurifera (Cupressaceae) provides a good model to study this due to the existence of two subspecies differentiated by phenotypic traits, such as seed size and cone seediness (number of seeds inside a cone), across its range. The aim of this study was to analyse seed packaging (seed mass and cone seediness) variation at different scales (subspecies, populations and individuals) and the relationship between cone and seed traits in European and African J. thurifera populations. After opening more than 5300 cones and measuring 3600 seeds, we found that seed packaging traits followed different patterns of variation. Large-scale effects (region and population) significantly contributed to cone seediness variance, while most of the seed mass variance occurred within individuals. Seed packaging differed between the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea, with African cones bearing fewer but larger seeds than the European ones. However, no differences in seed mass were found between populations when taking into account cone seediness. Larger cones contained more pulp and seeds and displayed a larger variation in individual seed mass. We validated previous reports on the intraspecific differences in J. thurifera seed packaging, although both subspecies followed the same seed size/number trade-off. The higher seediness and variation in seed mass found in larger cones reveals that the positive relationship between seed and cone sizes may not be straightforward.We hypothesise that the large variation of seed size found within cones and individuals in J. thurifera, but also in other fleshy-fruited species, could represent a bet-hedging strategy for dispersal.

Synaptonemal complexes in the hybridogenetic Squalius alburnoides fish complex: new insights on the gametogenesis of allopolyploids.

In the Squalius alburnoides fish complex, allotriploid females (3n = 75) reproduce mostly by meiotic hybridogenesis, producing haploid gametes by means of the elimination of the heterospecific chromosome set and recombination between the 2 homospecific genomes. A synaptonemal complexes (SCs) analysis was performed in specimens from a confined southern population (Quarteira, Portugal) to understand chromosome dynamics during gametogenesis. The comparative study between hybrid females with QAA genome composition and the parental bisexual species Squalius aradensis (2n = 50, QQ genome) evidenced: (i) that allotriploid meiocytes comprise the complete chromosome set (75 chromosomes) in prophase I, proving the heterospecific genome (Q) is only excluded after pachytene stage, and (ii) a 2-phase synaptic process where initially, exclusively homologous SCs form and the unmatched univalents remain in a bouquet conformation, followed by the establishment of extensive non-homologous SCs with multivalent associations among the later. These findings disagree with most literature concerning the meiotic process in allotriploid vertebrates, since the most accountable mechanisms (premeiotic exclusion of the unmatched chromosome set and whole genome endoduplication) were not observed.

Sources of phenolic compounds in two catchments of southern Portugal - effect of season, land use and soil type.

Water quality monitoring in reservoirs used for human water consumption, carried out by the Alentejo Regional Authorities of the Environment (south Portugal), revealed seasonal peaks of phenolic compounds above the water-quality legislation. The main objectives of this work were to identify the main phenolic compounds present in water and soil leachates, and to determine the sources of the seasonal concentrations of phenolic compounds in two catchments with different land use patterns: Roxo and Santa Clara catchments. The main phenolic compound detected was 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), both in stream water and soil leachates, with concentrations higher in Roxo catchment. Roxo catchment represents a larger agricultural area than Santa Clara, and it is likely that the origin of the 2,4-DNP is associated with the use of pesticides. A peak of 2,4-DNP concentrations was observed in stream water of both catchments during February, when farmers plough their fields and apply pesticides. The 2,4-DNP peak was probably caused by a precipitation event shortly after the application of pesticides, increasing their transfer from land surfaces to adjacent streams. The leaching behaviour of 2,4-DNP was strongly dependent on the type of soil and pH. In soils with high clay content and low pH, 2,4-DNP was easily adsorbed, and its runoff from the soil to adjacent streams was reduced. Ribeira de Santa Vitória, from Roxo catchment, was the only stream showing a high abundance of vegetation, and the lowest concentrations of 2,4-DNP in water. Plants may play a role in removing contaminants from stream water.

Effects of Li+ transport and intracellular binding on Li+/Mg2+ competition in bovine chromaffin cells.

Li(+) transport, intracellular immobilisation and Li(+)/Mg(2+) competition were studied in Li(+)-loaded bovine chromaffin cells. Li(+) influx rate constants, k(i), obtained by atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry, in control (without and with ouabain) and depolarising (without and with nitrendipine) conditions, showed that L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels have an important role in Li(+) uptake under depolarising conditions. The Li(+) influx apparent rate constant, k(iapp), determined under control conditions by (7)Li NMR spectroscopy with the cells immobilised and perfused, was much lower than the AA-determined value for the cells in suspension. Loading of cell suspensions with 15 mmol l(-1) LiCl led, within 90 min, to a AA-measured total intracellular Li(+) concentration, [Li(+)](iT)=11.39+/-0.56 mmol (l cells)(-1), very close to the steady state value. The intracellular Li(+) T(1)/T(2) ratio of (7)Li NMR relaxation times of the Li(+)-loaded cells reflected a high degree of Li(+) immobilisation in bovine chromaffin cells, similar to neuroblastoma, but larger than for lymphoblastoma and erythrocyte cells. A 52% increase in the intracellular free Mg(2+) concentration, Delta[Mg(2+)](f)=0.27+/-0.05 mmol (l cells)(-1) was measured for chromaffin cells loaded with the Mg(2+)-specific fluorescent probe furaptra, after 90-min loading with 15 mmol l(-1) LiCl, using fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating significant displacement of Mg(2+) by Li(+) from its intracellular binding sites. Comparison with other cell types showed that the extent of intracellular Li(+)/Mg(2+) competition at the same Li(+) loading level depends on intracellular Li(+) transport and immobilisation in a cell-specific manner, being maximal for neuroblastoma cells.

Dendroanalysis: a tool for biomonitoring environmental pollution?

Trees of temperate regions usually form visible annual growth rings, which can be dated accurately. It is therefore possible to collect wood samples of different age and analyse their heavy metals content in order to get a chronological record of trace elements pollution in the tree's environment. This method of retrospective biomonitoring was called dendroanalysis. A basic assumption of dendroanalysis is the stability of the mineral distribution patterns, i.e. once the elements are stored, no significant mobility should occur. Additionally, neighbouring trees growing in the same environment should show similar radial element patterns. While some studies presented good correlations between radial distributions of heavy metals in tree rings and temporal records of pollution from industry or traffic, others failed in using dendroanalysis as a chronological record of pollution. Probably some elements can move at a certain rate in radial direction through the ray parenchyma cells. In this way the radial element distributions are subsequently changed. Growth rates of tree rings can also influence the concentrations of elements in wood. During periods of slow growth higher concentrations of elements can be found in the wood. Therefore, radial distribution patterns of heavy metals in tree rings should be used with caution as a tool for retrospective biomonitoring of environmental pollution.