ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to see how sex affects several haematological, biochemical and blood cell morphology in cultured brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. Different haematological parameters, for instance haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sodium, potassium and phosphorus were analysed. Throughout the study period, male fish had considerably greater Hb content, RBC count and Hct content than female fish, but insignificant (P > 0.05) difference in WBC count, differential leucocyte count, MCV, MCH and MCHC was seen between the two sexes of Salmo trutta fario. The majority of biochemical markers showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference, with the exception of AST, ALP, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, which showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference. Under light microscopy, RBC and differential leukocyte count (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) as well as thrombocytes were characterised and discriminated, revealing that the majority of the cells were normal and intact in shape. As a result of the foregoing findings, it is suggested that the data generated be used to identify the health state of fish and to determine the occurrence of various clinical and subclinical disorders, which might assist in enhancing the overall fish population production.
ABSTRACT
De novo reference intervals (RIs) for a total of thirty two hematological and serum biochemical attributes were established for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in Himalayan aquaculture system. For this purpose, long term assessment of hemato-biochemical parameters was carried over a period of one year from March 2019 to February 2020 and a total of 444 blood samples were analysed. Blood examination results were recorded systematically and reference intervals were established, notably for erythrocyte parameters: hematocrit (Hct) 29-40%, hemoglobin 8.32-12.28 g/dL, red blood cell (RBC) count 1.01-2.04 (×106/mm3); leukocyte parameters (x 103/mm3): total leukocytes 31.32-90.60, neutrophils 4.21-18.85, total lymphocytes 20.55-63.63, small lymphocytes 14.86-46.50, large lymphocytes 6.35-22.34 and monocytes 1.22-7.56; thrombocyte count 23.00-68.00 (×106/mm3). RIs were also established for red blood cell indices, vital serum constituents involved in carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nitrogen metabolism including the less known, diagnostically important, serum enzymes and electrolyte concentrations. Principal component analysis revealed that certain serum components were more efficient at distinguishing between the life stages (juvenile, adult) of fish by explaining about 92.7% of variation in the whole dataset compared to the principal hematological components which explained only about 80% of the variation. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were noted for RBC count, total leukocyte count (TLC), total protein, total cholesterol and uric acid with respect to the sex of fish. Moreover, clearly differentiable morphometric and morphological attributes were also noticed among erythrocytes, leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes) and thrombocytes. To our knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind that elucidates blood chemistry of cultured rainbow trout, O. mykiss in accordance to the guidelines framed by the American society of veterinary clinical pathologists (ASVCP). RIs reported here can help monitor the fish health status by improving the use of non-lethal diagnostics in piscine medicine.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Lung cancer was considered to be rare at the beginning of the 20th century, but it has now reached almost epidemic proportions. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in developed countries and is also rising at alarming rates in developing countries. Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging viral infection without any approved treatment. Investigational therapies for COVID-19 may cause clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). We aimed to study drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and their risk factors in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to establish an effect on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after surgery in lung cancer patients. Methods:This was a prospective study. For the estimation of VEGF, 50 lung cancer patients were studied. Both preoperative and postoperative levels of VEGF were estimated for all subjects. Blood samples were obtained from all cases both preoperatively and postoperatively (four weeks after surgery). Blood samples of 100 age and sex matched healthy controls were collected from the Outpatient Departments of SKIMS to establish normal serum VEGF levels. Conclusion: Our findings show that serum VEGF levels are higher as the tumor stage progresses and tumor size increases, which explains the lower serum VEGF levels observed by us in the operable patient group.
