ABSTRACT
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae) is an emerging arbovirus that can cause potentially fatal disease in many host species including ruminants and humans. Thus, tools to detect this pathogen within tissue samples from routine diagnostic investigations or for research purposes are of major interest. This study compares the immunohistological usefulness of several mono- and polyclonal antibodies against RVFV epitopes in tissue samples derived from natural hosts of epidemiologic importance (sheep), potentially virus transmitting insect species (Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti) as well as scientific infection models (mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, C6/36 cell pellet). While the nucleoprotein was the epitope most prominently detected in mammal and mosquito tissue samples, fruit fly tissues showed expression of glycoproteins only. Antibodies against non-structural proteins exhibited single cell reactions in salivary glands of mosquitoes and the C6/36 cell pellet. However, as single antibodies exhibited a cross reactivity of varying degree in non-infected specimens, a careful interpretation of positive reactions and consideration of adequate controls remains of critical importance. The results suggest that primary antibodies directed against viral nucleoproteins and glycoproteins can facilitate RVFV detection in mammals and insects, respectively, and therefore will allow RVFV detection for diagnostic and research purposes.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Rift Valley Fever/diagnosis , Rift Valley fever virus/isolation & purification , Aedes/virology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cross Reactions , Culex/virology , Disease Models, Animal , Drosophila melanogaster/virology , Epitopes/immunology , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Mice , Mosquito Vectors/virology , Nucleocapsid Proteins , Rift Valley Fever/transmission , Rift Valley Fever/virology , Rift Valley fever virus/immunology , Vero Cells , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunologyABSTRACT
Osteochondrosis (OC) is an injury to cartilage canals with a following necrosis in the growth cartilage, from there it can develop to osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD). Due to its high impact in the equine industry, new insights into predisposing factors and potential high-risk genetic variants are warranted. This article reviews advancements in quantitative and molecular genetics in refining estimation of genetic parameters and identifying predisposing genetic loci. Heritabilities were highest for hock OC with estimates at 0.29-0.46 in Hanoverian warmblood and Norwegian trotters, whereas in Thoroughbreds only very low genetic variation seemed to be present in hock OC lesions. Whole genome scans using the Illumina Equine SNP50 or SNP70 Beadchip were performed in Thoroughbred, Standardbred, French and Norwegian trotter, Hanoverian and Dutch warmblood. Validation studies in Spanish Purebred and Hanoverian warmblood horses corroborated OC risk loci on ECA 3, 14, 27 and 29. Particularly, a strong association with hock-OCD was found for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on horse chromosome (ECA) 3 upstream to the LCORL gene. Gene expression and microRNA analyses may be helpful to understand pathophysiological processes in equine OC and to connect OCD-associated genomic regions with potential candidate genes. Furthermore progress in elucidating the underlying genetic variants and pathophysiological changes in OC may be expected from whole genome DNA and RNA next-generation sequencing studies.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Horse Diseases/genetics , Osteochondrosis/veterinary , Animals , Horses , Osteochondrosis/geneticsABSTRACT
The authors perform an experimental study in rats to demonstrate the integration of fat cells transplanted from the inguinal region to the dorsal region of the same animal. Histological studies were performed with the material removed and with the material injected. Final results show the transplanted fat cell integration after 360 days.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/transplantation , Animals , Cell Survival , Dermatologic Surgical Procedures , Rats , Skin/pathology , Transplantation, AutologousSubject(s)
Abdominal Muscles/surgery , Surgical Flaps/methods , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The authors present an anatomical study of a fasciocutaneous flap of the lower limb and its clinical application. Sixteen patients with loss of cutaneous substance and exposure of the leg bone were operated on. The bipedicled fasciocutaneous flap presented by the authors allows the coverage of large areas of the lower limb in the initial stage of treatment. Preservation of the superficial venous system allows for a better vascularization of the flap and, thus, for the use of larger flaps.
