Gut microbiota imbalances in Tunisian participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Gut microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system and host's metabolism. We aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of Tunisian participants with and without diabetes.We enrolled ten participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), ten patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 11 subjects without diabetes. Bacteria was quantified in fecal samples by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Statistical tests and multivariate analysis were performed using RStudio program.Results showed that the proportions of Firmicutes, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P≤0.041), as well as, the ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased in participants with T1DM compared with those without diabetes (p = 0.036). Participants with T2DM presented a reduction in the amounts of A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii compared with those without diabetes (P≤0.036). Furthermore, A. muciniphila is negatively correlated with glucose level (P=0.022) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P=0.035). Multivariate analysis revealed that participants with diabetes formed a cluster apart compared with those without diabetes.In conclusion the gut bacteria of Tunisian participants with diabetes was altered. The gut bacterial profile, especially the distribution of A muciniphila in participants with diabetes was affected by glycemic dysregulation. The investigation of the gut microbiota may help clinicians to improve diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Human Serum Versus Human Serum Albumin Supplementation in Human Islet Pretransplantation Culture: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment.

There is conflicting evidence favoring both the use of human serum (HS) and of human serum albumin (HSA) in human islet culture. We evaluated the effects of HS versus HSA supplementation on 1) in vitro ß-cell viability and function and 2) in vivo islet graft revascularization, islet viability, ß-cell death, and metabolic outcome after transplantation. Islets isolated from 14 cadaveric organ donors were cultured for 3 days in CMRL 1066 medium supplemented with HS or HSA. After 3 days in culture, ß-cell apoptosis was lower in HS group (1.41 ± 0.27 vs. 2.38 ± 0.39%, p = 0.029), and the recovery of islets was 77 ± 11% and 54 ± 1% in HS- and HSA-cultured groups, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was higher in HS group (29.4, range 10.4-99.9, vs. 22.3, range 8.7-70.6, p = 0.031). In vivo viability and revascularization was determined in HS- and HSA-cultured islets transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of Balb/c mice (n = 14), and ß-cell apoptosis in paraffin-embedded mouse eyes. Islet viability and ß-cell apoptosis were similar in both groups. Revascularization was observed in one graft (HS group) on day 10 after transplantation. Islet function was determined in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic nude mice (n = 33) transplanted with 2,000 IEQs cultured with HS or HSA that showed similar blood glucose levels and percentage of normoglycemic animals over time. In conclusion, human islets cultured in medium supplemented with HS showed higher survival in vitro, as well as islet viability and function. The higher in vitro survival increased the number of islets available for transplantation. However, the beneficial effect on viability and function did not translate into an improved metabolic evolution when a similar number of HSA- and HS-cultured islets was transplanted.

Downregulation of Sfrp5 promotes beta cell proliferation during obesity in the rat.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: During obesity, the increment in beta cell mass in response to the rising demand for insulin is essential to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in beta cell mass plasticity remain poorly understood. The Wnt signalling pathway has been suggested as one possible modulator of beta cell proliferation, which represents the principal process involved in beta cell mass expansion. Here, we sought to determine the mechanisms involved in beta cell mass proliferation using diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: Wistar rats aged 8 weeks old were fed a standard or cafeteria diet. Global transcriptomic analysis of pancreatic rat islets was performed using microarray analysis. Genetic loss-of-function approaches were performed in dispersed primary rat islets and the beta cell line INS1E. Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR, protein levels by immunoblot analysis, proliferation rates by ELISA and apoptosis by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Sfrp5, coding for secreted frizzled-related protein 5, is downregulated in the pancreatic islets of cafeteria-diet-fed rats as well as in the pancreatic islets of human obese patients. We demonstrate that silencing Sfrp5 increases beta cell proliferation, which correlates with activation of Wnt signalling and enhanced levels of proliferation markers. In addition, we show that expression of Sfrp5 in beta cells is modulated by IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) secreted from visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Together, these findings reveal an important role for SFRP5 and Wnt signalling in the regulation of beta cell proliferation in obesity.

Molecular mechanisms of tungstate-induced pancreatic plasticity: a transcriptomics approach.

BACKGROUND: Sodium tungstate is known to be an effective anti-diabetic agent, able to increase beta cell mass in animal models of diabetes, although the molecular mechanisms of this treatment and the genes that control pancreas plasticity are yet to be identified. Using a transcriptomics approach, the aim of the study is to unravel the molecular mechanisms which participate in the recovery of exocrine and endocrine function of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats treated with tungstate, determining the hyperglycemia contribution and the direct effect of tungstate. RESULTS: Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were treated orally with tungstate for five weeks. Treated (STZ)-diabetic rats showed a partial recovery of exocrine and endocrine function, with lower glycemia, increased insulinemia and amylasemia, and increased beta cell mass achieved by reducing beta cell apoptosis and raising beta cell proliferation. The microarray analysis of the pancreases led to the identification of three groups of differentially expressed genes: genes altered due to diabetes, genes restored by the treatment, and genes specifically induced by tungstate in the diabetic animals. The results were corroborated by quantitative PCR. A detailed description of the pathways involved in the pancreatic effects of tungstate is provided in this paper. Hyperglycemia contribution was studied in STZ-diabetic rats treated with phloridzin, and the direct effect of tungstate was determined in INS-1E cells treated with tungstate or serum from untreated or treated STZ-rats, observing that tungstate action in the pancreas takes places via hyperglycemia-independent pathways and via a combination of tungstate direct and indirect (through the serum profile modification) effects. Finally, the MAPK pathway was evaluated, observing that it has a key role in the tungstate-induced increase of beta cell proliferation as tungstate activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway directly by increasing p42/p44 phosphorylation and indirectly by decreasing the expression of raf kinase inhibitor protein (Rkip), a negative modulator of the pathway. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, tungstate improves pancreatic function through a combination of hyperglycemia-independent pathways and through its own direct and indirect effects, whereas the MAPK pathway has a key role in the tungstate-induced increase of beta cell proliferation.

Phosphorylation events implicating p38 and PI3K mediate tungstate-effects in MIN6 beta cells.

Oral administration of sodium tungstate is an effective treatment for diabetes in animal models. Several lines of evidence indicate the pancreatic beta cell as one of the targets of tungstate action. Here, we examined the molecular mechanism by which this compound exerts its effects on the beta cell line MIN6. Tungstate treatment induced phosphorylation and subsequent activation of p38 and PI3K which in turn are implicated in tungstate PDX-1 nuclear localization and activation. Although no effect was observed in glucose-induced insulin secretion we found that tungstate activates basal insulin release, a process driven, at least in part, by activation of p38. These results show a direct involvement of p38 and PI3K phosphorylation in the mechanism of action of tungstate in the beta cell.

S 23521 decreases food intake and body weight gain in diet-induced obese rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of S 23521, a new glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide analogue, on food intake and body weight gain in obese rats, as well as on gene expression of several proteins involved in energy homeostasis. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Lean and diet-induced obese rats were treated with either S 23521 or vehicle. S 23521 was given either intraperitoneally (10 or 100 microg/kg) or subcutaneously (100 microg/kg) for 14 and 20 days, respectively. Because the low-dose treatment did not affect food intake and body weight, the subcutaneous treatment at high dose was selected to test the effect on selected end-points. RESULTS: Treated obese rats significantly decreased their cumulative energy intake in relation to vehicle-treated counterparts (3401 +/- 65 vs. 3898 +/- 72 kcal/kg per 20 days; p < 0.05). Moreover, their body weight gain was reduced by 110%, adiposity was reduced by 20%, and plasma triglyceride levels were reduced by 38%. The treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. Regarding gene expression, no changes in uncoupling protein-1, uncoupling protein-3, leptin, resistin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma were observed. DISCUSSION: S 23521 is an effective glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide analogue, which induced a decrease in energy intake, body weight, and adiposity in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. In addition, the treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. These results strongly support S 23521 as a putative molecule for the treatment of obesity.