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1.
Intern Med ; 48(5): 295-300, 2009.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19252350

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Prognostic factors related to community-acquired bacterial meningitis (BM) in adult patients have been evaluated using multivariate analysis in The Netherlands, where the rate of antibiotic resistance was low. However, an evaluation of these factors in countries with a high rate of antibiotic resistance has not yet been done. Thus, we studied the prognostic factors in adults with community-acquired BM in our hospitals, which are located in Tokyo, Japan, where the rate of antibiotic resistance is high. METHODS: We selected 71 consecutive adult patients with community-acquired BM in which the pathogens were identified and then classified the patients into two groups based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale: a favorable outcome group (n=48), and an unfavorable outcome group (n=23). Their clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed using single logistic regression analysis followed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 23%. The rate of antibiotic resistance was 54.9%. The most common resistant bacteria were penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) at the initiation of antibiotic therapy and a low thrombocyte count were identified as significant unfavorable prognostic factors (GCS: p=0.020, odds ratio=0.528, 95%CI=0.309-0.902; thrombocyte count: p=0.037, odds ratio=0.802, 95%CI=0.652-0.987). The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was not identified as a prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: Patients with a low GCS at the initiation of antibiotic therapy and low thrombocyte counts had unfavorable outcomes. With appropriate antibiotic administration, the antibiotic-resistant bacteria were not identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor, even in an area with a high rate of antibiotic resistance.


Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Hospitals, Urban/statistics & numerical data , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Meningitis, Bacterial/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Platelets/pathology , Child , Community-Acquired Infections/ethnology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/ethnology , Female , Glasgow Coma Scale , Humans , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prognosis , Regression Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Tokyo/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
2.
Neurosci Res ; 51(2): 147-55, 2005 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15681032

ABSTRACT

Cortical areas related to the information processing of binocular disparity-defined geometrical features of a surface, such as depth, orientation and shape are examined by functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects discriminated these three types of geometrical feature in random dot stereograms. Results indicate that disparity-defined information of depth and that of orientation are processed in the parietal area. Furthermore, the visual system for 3D vision in the parietal area may be organized in a hierarchical manner and the posterior part of the right intraparietal sulcus may be involved in cognitive process of 3D vision. On the other hand, disparity-defined shape information seems to be processed in the occipital visual areas and the crucial involvement of human LOS for this process is suggested.


Subject(s)
Brain Mapping , Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Cues , Mental Processes/physiology , Vision Disparity/physiology , Vision, Ocular/physiology , Adult , Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Cortex/blood supply , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Female , Humans , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Orientation/physiology , Oxygen/blood
3.
J Neurosci Methods ; 141(2): 277-82, 2005 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15661310

ABSTRACT

We have designed a new device for head fixation of behaving monkeys. The fixation device consists of a duralumin head ring mounted with four screw holders. It is firmly fixed to the animal's skull with four stainless steel screw pins. The head ring is then attached to a primate chair in any desirable position and angle using a set of adjustable plates. The device has been used for behavioral training that requires accurate gaze monitoring and for recording single-unit activity over a several-month period. The advantage of our device is that it is simple to use; it can be attached readily without major surgical procedures and it can be quickly removed when experiments are not running. This head fixation system is suitable for behavioral experiments and single-unit recording studies. It may also be applicable for studies on functional imaging of the macaque brain, by constructing it of non-magnetic materials.


Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/physiology , Head/physiology , Immobilization/methods , Stereotaxic Techniques , Action Potentials/physiology , Animals , Electrophysiology/methods , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Prostheses and Implants , Saccades/physiology , Time Factors , Wakefulness/physiology
4.
Intern Med ; 41(10): 819-22, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12413002

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Correlation between current perception threshold and sympathetic skin response was investigated in patients with diabetic or alcoholic polyneuropathy. METHODS: Current perception threshold was measured using Neurometer CPT/C, and the sympathetic skin response was measured using Neuropack sigma. PATIENTS: Fourteen patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and 10 patients with alcoholic polyneuropathy were studied. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between the current perception threshold to 5 Hz stimulation and the amplitude of sympathetic skin response. CONCLUSION: Since both current perception threshold to 5 Hz stimulation and sympathetic skin response are related to C fibers, these two are considered to be impaired concurrently in diabetic and alcoholic polyneuropathies.


Subject(s)
Adrenergic Fibers/physiology , Alcoholic Neuropathy/physiopathology , Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology , Skin Physiological Phenomena , Alcoholic Neuropathy/diagnosis , Diabetic Neuropathies/diagnosis , Differential Threshold , Electric Stimulation/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neural Conduction/physiology , Pain Threshold/physiology , Thermosensing/physiology
5.
Science ; 298(5592): 409-12, 2002 Oct 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12376700

ABSTRACT

A goal in visual neuroscience is to reveal how the visual system reconstructs the three-dimensional (3D) representation of the world from two-dimensional retinal images. Although the importance of texture gradient cues in the process of 3D vision has been pointed out, most studies concentrate on the neural process based on binocular disparity. We report the neural correlates of depth perception from texture gradient in the cortex. In the caudal part of the lateral bank of intraparietal sulcus, many neurons were selective to 3D surface orientation defined by texture gradient, and their response was invariant over different types of texture pattern. Most of these neurons were also sensitive to a disparity gradient, suggesting that they integrate texture and disparity gradient signals to construct a generalized representation of 3D surface orientation.


Subject(s)
Depth Perception/physiology , Form Perception/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Visual Pathways/physiology , Animals , Brain Mapping , Cues , Electrophysiology , Learning , Macaca , Male , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Photic Stimulation , Task Performance and Analysis , Vision Disparity
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