Chemical synthesis of La1 isolated from the venom of the scorpion Liocheles australasiae and determination of its disulfide bonding pattern.

La1 is a 73-residue cysteine-rich peptide isolated from the scorpion Liocheles australasiae venom. Although La1 is the most abundant peptide in the venom, its biological function remains unknown. Here, we describe a method for efficient chemical synthesis of La1 using the native chemical ligation (NCL) strategy, in which three peptide components of less than 40 residues were sequentially ligated. The peptide thioester necessary for NCL was synthesized using an aromatic N-acylurea approach with Fmoc-SPPS. After completion of sequential NCL, disulfide bond formation was carried out using a dialysis method, in which the linear peptide dissolved in an acidic solution was dialyzed against a slightly alkaline buffer to obtain correctly folded La1. Next, we determined the disulfide bonding pattern of La1. Enzymatic and chemical digests of La1 without reduction of disulfide bonds were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which revealed two of four disulfide bond linkages. The remaining two linkages were assigned based on MS/MS analysis of a peptide fragment containing two disulfide bonds. Consequently, the disulfide bonding pattern of La1 was found to be similar to that of a von Willebrand factor type C (VWC) domain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the experimental determination of the disulfide bonding pattern of peptides having a single VWC domain as well as their chemical synthesis. La1 synthesized in this study will be useful for investigation of its biological role in the venom.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of La1 from Liocheles australasiae.

A novel scorpion venom peptide, La1 from Liocheles australasiae, with a molecular weight of 7.8 kDa, is presumed to possess a single von Willebrand factor type C (VWC) domain, a common protein module, based on the position of eight Cys residues in its sequence. The biological function of La1 is still unknown. Deciphering its three-dimensional structure will be helpful in understanding its biological function. La1 was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using magnesium sulfate as a precipitant. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=63.0, b=30.2, c=32.3 Å, ß=108.5°, and diffracted to 1.9 Šresolution. The calculated VM based on one molecule per asymmetric unit was 1.87 Å3 Da(-1). The solvent content was 34.1%.