Standardization of preoperative stoma site marking and its utility for preventing stoma leakage: a retrospective study of 519 patients who underwent laparoscopic/robotic rectal cancer surgery.

PURPOSE: Stoma site marking is an important preoperative intervention for preventing various stoma-associated complications. In our institution, standardized stoma site marking is routinely performed before rectal cancer surgery with stoma creation, and various stoma-associated factors are recorded in the ostomy-record template. The present study investigated risk factors for stoma leakage. METHODS: Our stoma site marking is standardized so that it can be performed by non-stoma specialists. To identify risk factors of stoma leakage at 3 months after surgery, various preoperative factors associated with stoma site marking in our ostomy-record template were retrospectively analyzed in 519 patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery with stoma creation from 2015 to 2020. RESULTS: Stoma leakage was seen in 35 of the 519 patients (6.7%). The distance between the stoma site marking and the umbilicus was less than 60 mm in 27 of the 35 patients (77%) who experienced stoma leakage, so a distance of less than 60 mm was identified as an independent risk factor for stoma leakage. Aside from preoperative factors, stoma leakage was also caused by postoperative skin wrinkles or surgical scars near the stoma site in 8 of 35 patients (23%). CONCLUSION: Preoperative standardized stoma site marking is necessary to achieve reliable marking that is easy to perform. To reduce the risk of stoma leakage, a distance of 60 mm or more between the stoma site marking and the umbilicus is ideal, and surgeons need to contrive ways to keep surgical scars away from the stoma site.

Prognostic impact of residual lateral lymph node metastasis after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with advanced low rectal cancer.

Background: There is a lack of large studies focusing on the prognostic significance of lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis following LLN dissection (LLND) in rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of LLN metastases on survival of patients with advanced low rectal cancer. Methods: Consecutive patients with locally advanced, but not metastatic, extraperitoneal rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy plus total mesorectal excision between 2004 and 2015 were included in the study. LLND was performed when pretreatment imaging documented enlarged LLNs (7 mm or greater in size). Localization of nodal metastases and long-term outcomes were analysed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival of patients with ypN0 disease with that of patients with mesorectal ypN+/LLN- status and patients with positive LLNs. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) and local recurrence. Results: A total of 613 patients were included in the study; LLND was performed in 212 patients (34·6 per cent) and 57 (9·3 per cent) had LLN metastasis. Patients with LLN metastasis had improved DFS and local recurrence cumulative incidence rates compared with patients with mesorectal ypN2+/LLN- disease (DFS: P = 0·014; local recurrence: P = 0·006). Although the DFS rate of patients with LLN metastasis was worse than that of patients with ypN0 disease (P < 0·001), the cumulative incidence of local recurrence was similar (P = 0·491). In multivariable analysis, residual LLN metastasis was not an independent predictor of worse DFS or local recurrence. Conclusion: LLN metastasis is not an independent predictor of local recurrence or survival. Survival of patients presenting with LLN metastasis after (chemo)radiotherapy was intermediate between that of patients with ypN0 status and those with mesorectal ypN2 positivity.

Antecedentes: No existen en la literatura grandes estudios dirigidos a investigar la importancia pronóstica de las metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos laterales (lateral lymph nodes, LLN) después de la disección de los mismos (LLN dissection, LLND) en pacientes con cáncer de recto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto pronóstico de las metástasis en los LLN sobre la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de recto. Métodos: Se analizaron 613 pacientes consecutivos con cáncer de recto localmente avanzado extraperitoneal y no metastásico tratados con (quimio)radioterapia neoadyuvante seguida de resección total del mesorrecto (total mesorectal excision, TME) entre 2004 y 2015. Se realizó una LLND cuando el estudio mediante pruebas de imagen previo el tratamiento mostró LLN aumentados de tamaño ≥ 7 mm. Se analizó la localización de las metástasis ganglionares y los resultados a largo plazo. El análisis de supervivencia se realizó mediante el método de Kaplan­Meier para comparar las supervivencias de los pacientes ypN0 frente a los pacientes ypN con positividad mesorrectal/LLN negativos y frente a los pacientes LLN positivos. Se utilizó el modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox para evaluar los factores predictivos de supervivencia libre de enfermedad y de recidiva local. Resultados: Se realizó una LLND en 212 (34,6%) pacientes, y 57 (9,3%) pacientes presentaban metástasis en los LLN. Los pacientes con metástasis en los LLN presentaron mejores curvas de incidencia acumulada de recidiva local y de supervivencia libre de enfermedad en comparación con los pacientes con ganglios mesorrectales ypN2 positivos/LLN negativos (respectivamente, P = 0,0135 y P = 0,0060). Aunque la curva de la supervivencia libre de enfermedad de los pacientes con metástasis en los LLN fue peor que la de los pacientes ypN0 (P < 0,0001), la incidencia acumulada de recidiva local fue similar (P = 0,4905). En el análisis multivariable, la metástasis residual en los LLN no fue un factor predictivo independiente de peor supervivencia libre de enfermedad ni de recidiva local. Conclusión: Las metástasis en los LLN no es un factor predictivo independiente de recidiva local o supervivencia. Los pacientes que presentaron metástasis en los LLN después de (quimio)radioterapia mostraron características de supervivencia intermedias entre ypN0 y pacientes con ganglios mesorrectales ypN2 positivos.

Independent Factors Contributing to Daytime and Nighttime Asthmatic Cough Refractory to Inhaled Corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND: Cough is a common feature of asthma, which is often resistant to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). The pathophysiology of this refractoriness may differ between daytime and nighttime asthmatic cough. We sought to identify factors contributing to ICS-refractory daytime and nighttime asthmatic cough. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with asthma presenting solely or predominantly with chronic cough were prospectively enrolled from April 2012 to December 2014. At baseline and 12 weeks after ICS treatment, the capsaicin cough threshold (C2, C5) and methacholine airway sensitivity and reactivity were examined. A visual analog scale (VAS) and numeric scores were used to evaluate daytime and nighttime cough symptoms separately. The Japanese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire was also completed. When either the VAS or numeric scores showed an improvement of ≥50% or ≥2 points, patients were considered responders to ICS treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were eligible for evaluation. Subjective cough indices improved significantly at 12 weeks after ICS treatment (P<.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that lower C2 significantly contributed to residual daytime cough (P=.04). Meanwhile, methacholine hyperreactivity and lower IgE levels were predictors of the nighttime residual cough (P=.002 and P=.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Heightened cough reflex sensitivity is an independent factor of daytime asthmatic cough that is refractory to ICSs. In contrast, airway hyperreactivity and less atopic status contribute to ICS-refractory nighttime cough.

Independent factors contributing to daytime and nighttime asthmatic cough refractory to inhaled corticosteroids

Background: Cough is a common feature of asthma, which is often resistant to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). The pathophysiology of this refractoriness may differ between daytime and nighttime asthmatic cough. We sought to identify factors contributing to ICS-refractory daytime and nighttime asthmatic cough. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with asthma presenting solely or predominantly with chronic cough were prospectively enrolled from April 2012 to December 2014. At baseline and 12 weeks after ICS treatment, the capsaicin cough threshold (C2, C5) and methacholine airway sensitivity and reactivity were examined. A visual analog scale (VAS) and numeric scores were used to evaluate daytime and nighttime cough symptoms separately. The Japanese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire was also completed. When either the VAS or numeric scores showed an improvement of ≥50% or ≥2 points, patients were considered responders to ICS treatment.Results: Fifty-five patients were eligible for evaluation. Subjective cough indices improved significantly at 12 weeks after ICS treatment (P<.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that lower C2 significantly contributed to residual daytime cough (P=.04). Meanwhile, methacholine hyperreactivity and lower IgE levels were predictors of the nighttime residual cough (P=.002 and P=.03, respectively). Conclusions: Heightened cough reflex sensitivity is an independent factor of daytime asthmatic cough that is refractory to ICSs. In contrast, airway hyperreactivity and less atopic status contribute to ICS-refractory nighttime cough

Introducción: La tos es una característica común del asma, que a menudo es resistente a los corticosteroides inhalados (ICS). La fisiopatología involucrada en dicha refractariedad al tratamiento esteroideo puede ser diferente entre la tos asmática diurna y nocturna. El objetivo del estudio es intentar identificar los factores que contribuyen a esta insensibilidad al tratamiento en la tos asmática diurna y nocturna. Métodos: Sesenta y siete pacientes, con asma solo o con tos crónica, se inscribieron prospectivamente desde abril de 2012 a diciembre de 2014. Al inicio del estudio y 12 semanas después del tratamiento con ICS, se examinaron el umbral de tos frente a capsaicina (C2, C5) y la sensibilidad y reactividad de las vías respiratorias a la metacolina. Se usaron escalas analógicas visuales (VAS) y puntajes numéricos para evaluar los síntomas de tos diurna y nocturna de forma separada. La versión japonesa del Leicester Cough Questionnaire también se completó. Cuando las VAS o los puntajes numéricos mostraron una mejoría de ≥50% o ≥2 puntos, los pacientes se consideraron respondedores al tratamiento con ICS. Resultados: Cincuenta y cinco pacientes completaron adecuadamente toda la evaluación. Los índices subjetivos de tos mejoraron significativamente a las 12 semanas después del tratamiento con ICS (p <0,001). El análisis multivariante reveló que una C2 más baja contribuía significativamente a la tos diurna residual (p = 0,04). Por otra parte, la hiperreactividad a la metacolina y los niveles más bajos de IgE fueron predictores de la tos residual nocturna (p = 0,002 y p = 0,03, respectivamente).Conclusiones: La sensibilidad aumentada a la tos es un factor independiente de la tos asmática diurna refractaria a los corticoides. Por el contrario, la hiperreactividad de las vías respiratorias y la ausencia de atopia contribuyen a la tos nocturna refractaria a los ICS

Hard x-ray photoemission study of Yb1-x Zr x B12: the effects of electron doping on the Kondo insulator YbB12.

We have carried out hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) of Yb1-x Zr x B12 ([Formula: see text]) to study the effects of electron doping on the Kondo insulator YbB12. The Yb valences of Yb1-x Zr x B12 at 300 K estimated from the Yb 3d HAXPES spectra decreased after substituting Yb with Zr from 2.93 for YbB12 to 2.83 for Yb0.125Zr0.875B12. A temperature dependent valence decrease was found upon cooling for all doping concentrations. We found peak shifts of the B 1s and Zr 3d5/2, and Yb3+ 4f spectra toward the deeper binding-energy with increasing Zr concentration, which indicates a shift of the Fermi level to the higher energy and that of the Yb 4f hole level close to the Fermi level, respectively, due to electron doping. These results qualitatively show the enhanced hybridization between the Yb 4f and conduction-band states with Zr substitution, consistent with magnetic susceptibility measurements.

IL4Rα and ADAM33 as genetic markers in asthma exacerbations and type-2 inflammatory endotype.

BACKGROUND: Genetic markers of susceptibility to asthma exacerbations in adults remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic markers of asthma exacerbations, particularly in patients with type-2 inflammatory endotype. METHODS: In this observational study of patients enrolled in the Kinki Hokuriku Airway disease Conference multicenter study, frequency of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids during 2 years after enrolment and associated risk factors was determined. For genetic marker analysis, interleukin-4 receptor α (IL4RA) rs8832 and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) S_2 (rs528557), T_1 (rs2280091), T_2 (rs2280090), and V_4 (rs2787094) variants were included. Elevated serum periostin levels at enrolment (≥95 ng/mL, defined as type-2 inflammatory endotype) were considered in the analysis. RESULTS: Among 217 patients who were successfully followed up for 2 years after enrolment, 60 patients showed at least one asthma exacerbation during the 2 years. Airflow limitation (%FEV1 <80%) and recent exacerbations but not genetic variants were identified as risk markers of exacerbations. A total of 27 patients showed type-2 inflammatory endotype (serum periostin ≥95 ng/mL at enrolment) and subsequent exacerbations; risk factors in these patients were airflow limitation (odds ratio, 6.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37-18.6; P=.0003), GG genotype of IL4RA rs8832 (odds ratio, 4.01; 95% CI: 1.47-11.0; P=.007), and A allele of ADAM33 T_2 (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% CI: 1.05-7.67; P=.04) by multivariate analysis. In addition, GG genotype of IL4RA rs8832 was associated with type-2 endotype, whereas A allele of ADAM33 T_2 was associated with mixed type of eosinophilic/type-2 and neutrophilic inflammations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IL4RA and ADAM33 variants may be risk markers of asthma exacerbations in type-2 inflammatory endotype. Precise endotyping may facilitate the identification of genetic risk markers of asthma exacerbations.

Mitochondrial elongation in the macular RPE of aging monkeys, evidence of metabolic stress.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine whether mitochondria of the macular retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) change with age in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Mitochondria are the main instigators of oxidative stress, which has often been considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Any pathological changes in the mitochondria of aging macular RPE, the main target of AMD, would be a clue to the pathogenesis of this common retinal degeneration afflicting both monkey and man. METHODS: Transmission electron microscopy was used to identify mitochondria and to determine their appearance, their density per unit area of RPE cytoplasm and their length. The eyes of seven monkeys, 1, 2, 6.5, 23, 26, 27 and 35 years of age, were studied. Measurements were kept separate for the basal, middle and apical third of each cell. The basal third of the macular RPE had many more mitochondria than the middle third, and the apical third was almost devoid of mitochondria. RESULTS: Mitochondrial number decreased and length increased with age. The increase in length was associated with an unusual clustering of mitochondria into parallel arrays of elongated mitochondria, with their long axis orthogonal to the basal membrane of the cell, structures not described before in RPE. CONCLUSIONS: Mitochondrial elongation is associated with metabolic and/or oxidative stress, which implies that age produces stress in macular RPE. The increased clustering of very elongated mitochondria suggests that pathological changes occur in mitochondrial organization with age. These changes support the hypothesis that age-related mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.

Utility of serum periostin and free IgE levels in evaluating responsiveness to omalizumab in patients with severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Omalizumab, a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with severe allergic asthma. However, treatment responses vary widely among individuals. Despite a lack of data, free serum IgE levels following omalizumab treatment have been proposed as a marker of treatment responsiveness. METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, we assessed the utility of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in predicting omalizumab treatment responses, as determined by the absence of asthma exacerbation during the first year of treatment. Free serum IgE levels were monitored for 2 years to examine their association with baseline biomarker levels and the number of exacerbations. RESULTS: We enrolled thirty patients who had been treated with omalizumab for at least 1 year, of whom 27 were treated for 2 years. Baseline serum periostin levels and blood eosinophil counts were significantly higher in patients without exacerbations during the first year of treatment than in patients with exacerbations. Baseline serum periostin levels, but not eosinophil counts, were negatively associated with free serum IgE levels after 16 or 32 weeks of treatment. Reduced free serum IgE levels during treatment from those at baseline were associated with reduced exacerbation numbers at 2 years. In 14 patients who continued to have exacerbations during the first year of treatment, exacerbation numbers gradually and significantly decreased over the 2-year study period, with concurrent significant reductions in free serum IgE levels. CONCLUSION: Baseline serum periostin levels and serum free IgE levels during treatment follow-up may be useful in evaluating responses to omalizumab treatment.

Mouth breathing, another risk factor for asthma: the Nagahama Study.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis, a known risk factor for asthma onset, often accompanies mouth breathing. Mouth breathing may bypass the protective function of the nose and is anecdotally considered to increase asthma morbidity. However, there is no epidemiological evidence that mouth breathing is independently associated with asthma morbidity and sensitization to allergens. In this study, we aimed to clarify the association between mouth breathing and asthma morbidity and allergic/eosinophilic inflammation, while considering the effect of allergic rhinitis. METHODS: This community-based cohort study, the Nagahama Study, contained a self-reporting questionnaire on mouth breathing and medical history, blood tests, and pulmonary function testing. We enrolled 9804 general citizens of Nagahama City in the Shiga Prefecture, Japan. RESULTS: Mouth breathing was reported by 17% of the population and was independently associated with asthma morbidity. The odds ratio for asthma morbidity was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.27-2.62) and 2.20 (95% CI, 1.72-2.80) in subjects with mouth breathing alone and allergic rhinitis alone, which additively increased to 4.09 (95% CI, 3.01-5.52) when mouth breathing and allergic rhinitis coexisted. Mouth breathing in nonasthmatics was a risk for house dust mite sensitization, higher blood eosinophil counts, and lower pulmonary function after adjusting for allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION: Mouth breathing may increase asthma morbidity, potentially through increased sensitization to inhaled allergens, which highlights the risk of mouth-bypass breathing in the 'one airway, one disease' concept. The risk of mouth breathing should be well recognized in subjects with allergic rhinitis and in the general population.

Laparoscopic salvage lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for locally recurrent rectal cancer.

AIM: The lateral pelvic lymph nodes are one of the major sites and sources of local recurrence (LR) after surgery for rectal cancer. Salvage lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) is potentially curative, but the value of laparoscopic surgery in such cases is unknown. Our aim was to report the technical details of laparoscopic salvage LPLD for LR at these nodes after rectal cancer surgery. METHOD: The study was based on nine patients who underwent laparoscopic salvage LPLD for LR at the lateral pelvic lymph nodes after surgery for rectal cancer. The safety and feasibility of this procedure were determined. RESULTS: The median operation time was 381 min and the median estimated blood loss was 130 ml. There were no conversions. Adjacent structures removed en bloc were the pelvic plexus in four patients, the internal iliac artery in seven patients and the seminal vesicle in one patient. The median number of metastatic lymph nodes was 1 (range 1-11). CONCLUSION: Our novel technique of laparoscopic salvage LPLD for LR at the lateral pelvic lymph nodes is safe and feasible.

GLCCI1 variant accelerates pulmonary function decline in patients with asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND: In steroid-naive patients with asthma, several gene variants are associated with a short-term response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment; this has mostly been observed in Caucasians. However, not many studies have been conducted for other ethnicities. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between the annual decline in forced expiratory flow volume in one second (FEV1 ) and the variant of the glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 gene (GLCCI1) in Japanese patients with asthma receiving long-term ICS treatment, taking into account the effect of high serum periostin levels, a known association factor of pulmonary function decline and a marker of refractory eosinophilic/Th2 inflammation. METHODS: In this study, 224 patients with asthma receiving ICS treatment for at least 4 years were enrolled. The effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GLCCI1, stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1), and T gene on the decline in FEV1 of 30 ml/year or greater were determined. RESULTS: Besides the known contributing factors, that is, the most intensive treatment step, ex-smoking, and high serum periostin levels (≥95 ng/ml), the GG genotype of GLCCI1 rs37973, and not other SNPs, was independently associated with a decline in FEV1 of 30 ml/year or greater. When patients were stratified according to their serum periostin levels, the GG genotype of rs37973 was significantly associated with blood eosinophilia (≥250/µl) in the high serum periostin group. CONCLUSIONS: A GLCCI1 variant is a risk factor of pulmonary function decline in Japanese patients with asthma receiving long-term ICS treatment. Thus, GLCCI1 may be associated with response to ICS across ethnicities.

Interleukin-6 released by colon cancer-associated fibroblasts is critical for tumour angiogenesis: anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody suppressed angiogenesis and inhibited tumour-stroma interaction.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has an important role in cancer progression, and high levels of plasma IL-6 are correlated with a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. It has also been reported that tumour stromal fibroblasts are necessary for steps in cancer progression, such as angiogenesis. There have been few reports of a correlation between fibroblast actions and IL-6 levels. In this study, we examined the correlation between cancer stromal fibroblasts and IL-6 and the utility of IL-6 as a therapeutic target in human colon cancer. METHODS: The expression levels of IL-6 and VEGF of fibroblasts and cancer cell lines were evaluated using real-time PCR and ELISA. The anti-angiogenic effect of inhibiting IL-6 signalling was measured in an angiogenesis model and animal experiment. RESULTS: We demonstrate that stromal fibroblasts isolated from colon cancer produced significant amounts of IL-6 and that colon cancer cells enhanced IL-6 production by stromal fibroblasts. Moreover, IL-6 enhanced VEGF production by fibroblasts, thereby inducing angiogenesis. In vivo, anti-IL6 receptor antibody targeting stromal tissue showed greater anti-tumour activity than did anti-IL6 receptor antibody targeting xenografted cancer cells. CONCLUSION: Cancer stromal fibroblasts were an important source of IL-6 in colon cancer. IL-6 produced by activated fibroblasts induced tumour angiogenesis by stimulating adjacent stromal fibroblasts. The relationship between IL-6 and stromal fibroblasts offers new approaches to cancer therapy.

Smoking attenuates the age-related decrease in IgE levels and maintains eosinophilic inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown that smoking increases the propensity for atopy and asthma. However, the effects of smoking on atopy and eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatics, including the elderly, remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of smoking on serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatics of all ages. METHODS: The associations of serum IgE levels, blood eosinophil counts and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels with smoking and age in steroid-naive asthmatics were cross-sectionally assessed (n = 307). Levels of sputum eosinophil and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) that promotes Th2 inflammation were also analysed. Current smokers were excluded when analysing contributing factors of FeNO. RESULTS: Levels of serum IgE, blood eosinophil and FeNO decreased with increasing age in never-smokers, whereas decrease in serum IgE levels with increasing age was not observed in current smokers. In addition, current smoking was associated with higher blood eosinophil counts. In atopic asthmatics, age-related declines in serum IgE levels were less steep in ex-smokers than in never-smokers, and atopic ex-smokers with asthma showed higher blood eosinophil counts and higher FeNO irrespective of age. Lastly, sputum TSLP levels were associated with sputum eosinophil proportions and pack-years. Current and ex-smokers had higher TSLP levels than never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In steroid-naive asthmatics, smoking may attenuate the age-related decrease in IgE levels and maintain eosinophilic inflammation, in which TSLP may be involved.

Radiographic findings and prognosis of simple bone cysts of the jaws.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the possibility of radiographic prediction of the prognosis of simple bone cysts (SBCs) of the jaws. METHODS: The relationship between the radiographic findings and treatment outcome (healing or recurrence) was investigated in 31 cases treated in the authors' hospital and 108 published cases. RESULTS: In 17 of our 31 cases, the lesions had radiographic findings of a preserved lamina dura adjacent to the lesion, with a smooth margin, and no or smooth bone expansion, and all of them healed after surgery. In the other 14 cases, there was resorption of the lamina dura, a scalloped margin, nodular bone expansion, root resorption, a sclerotic mass or multiple cavities, and nine cases of recurrence. Although there was incomplete information in the published case studies, similar results were noted. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that there was a relationship between the radiographic features of the lesions and prognosis. Radiographic examination should be used not only for discovering and diagnosing the lesions, but also for predicting possible prognosis.

Cellular origin of fundus autofluorescence in patients and mice with a defective NR2E3 gene.

AIM: To characterise new clinical features in a family with enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) and investigate the pathogenesis of these clinical features in the homozygous Nr2e3(rd7) (rd7) mutant mice. METHODS: Four patients from an affected family were included for genotypic and phenotypic study. Eye tissues from rd7 mice were used to detect a possible relationship between macrophages and autofluorescent material by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. RESULTS: Homozygous mutation in R311Q in NR2E3 was detected in this family. Colour photographs revealed that white dots do not correlate to hyperautofluorescent spots seen in autofluorescence imaging of the macula. OCT showed rosette-like lesions similar to those found in rd7 mice histology sections. From IHC analysis, we observed that F4/80 (a pan macrophage marker) and autofluorescence were colocalised to the same cells within the retina rosettes. CONCLUSIONS: The retinal structure of a young ESCS patient with homozygous R311Q mutation in the NR2E3 gene is similar to that seen in the rd7 mice. The macrophages were found to contain autofluorescent materials in the retinal rosettes of rd7 mice. These data are consistent with macrophage infiltration contributing to the hyperautofluorescent spots found in our patients.

Effects of tooth loss and denture wear on tongue-tip motion in elderly dentulous and edentulous people.

The purpose of this study was to clarify quantitatively the differences in tongue-tip motion among the dentulous elderly people and also among the elderly edentulous, both with and without their dentures and, to identify the influence of tooth loss and denture wear on tongue-tip motion. Fourteen young dentulous people, 12 elderly dentulous people and 13 elderly edentulous people participated in this study. Subjects were asked to swallow a 10 mL barium sulfate solution three times. The elderly edentulous people were asked to swallow the solution while wearing dentures and with dentures removed. Functional swallowing was recorded on cine-film with a digital subtraction angiography system. Lateral cinefluorography images were obtained from seated subjects. Using a cine-projector, the movements of the tongue surface were traced as dots and lines frame by frame on a single tracing sheet within a definite period of time from the beginning of the oral phase to the end of the pharyngeal phase. With counting the number of 'trajectories' of tongue-tip motion, tongue movements were classified as 'stable' and 'hyperactive' types. The results was that significantly more 'hyperactive' type subjects were found among the elderly edentulous who were not wearing dentures (12 of 13) compared with the dentulous young (1 of 14), the elderly dentulous (1 of 13) or the elderly edentulous wearing dentures (1 of 13) (P < 0.001). The tongue-tip motion for the 'hyperactive' type was very complex and the tongue-tip anchoring against the palate was always instable.

Comparison of survival between anatomic and non-anatomic liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: significance of surgical margin in non-anatomic resection.

AIMS: Anatomic resection, i.e., systematic removal of a liver segment confined by portal branches, is theoretically effective in eradicating intrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The procedure may reduce tumour recurrence and enhance survival of HCC patients. To determine the significance of anatomic resection for HCC patients, we retrospectively conducted a comparative analysis between anatomic (AR) and non-anatomic liver resection (NAR) in 113 Japanese HCC patients with a solitary tumour, a tumour located within one segment, absence or invasion of distal to second order branches of the portal vein, and absence or invasion of peripheral branches of the hepatic vein. METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups, AR group (n = 49) and NAR group (n = 64). RESULTS: The prevalence of liver damage Grade B in the NAR group was significantly greater than in the AR group (p < 0.05). Tumour-free and overall survival following liver resection was not significantly different between AR and NAR groups. In the NAR group, tumour-free and overall survival in patients with tumour exposure at the surgical margin was significantly lower than with a surgical margin greater than 0 mm (not exposed) (p < 0.05). Survival between the AR and NAR groups without tumour exposure at the surgical margin was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic resection is the theoretical aim. In HCC patients with impaired liver functions, limited liver resection without tumour exposure may provide longer tumour-free and overall survival.

Abnormal epithelial homeostasis in the cornea of mice with a destrin deletion.

PURPOSE: Dstn(corn1) mice lack normal destrin expression and develop corneal abnormality shortly after birth such as epithelial hyperplasia and total vascularization. Thus, the mice serve as a model for ocular surface disorders. To determine the nature of epithelial defects, we examined whether epithelial homeostasis is altered in these corneas. METHODS: Dstn(corn1) mice were crossed with ubiquitous GFP mice to generate a double homozygous line, GFP-Dstn(corn1), and cell movements were determined by whole-mount histology and in vivo time-lapse microscopy, tracking the change of epithelial GFP patterns. Rates of cell division and the presence of label-retaining cells (LRCs) were determined by systemic bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Epithelial expression of keratins 8, 12, and 15, and MUC5AC were determined by whole-mount immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Epithelial cells in an adult GFP-Dstn(corn1) cornea were generally immobile with no sign of directed movement for the entire life of the animal. These cells were not senescent because more than 70% of basal epithelial cells incorporated BrdU over a 24 h period. LRCs were widely distributed throughout a GFP-Dstn(corn1) cornea. The epithelium of a GFP-Dstn(corn1) cornea contained a mixed population of cells with a corneal and a conjunctival phenotype as judged by the expression of keratins and MUC5AC. CONCLUSIONS: Epithelial cells of an adult GFP-Dstn(corn1) cornea are generally stationary, mitotically active, and contain LRCs, indicating that the epithelium is self-sustained, which in turn suggests that epithelial stem cells are present within the cornea. Epithelial homeostasis of adult GFP-Dstn(corn1) corneas is abnormal, mimicking that of a normal conjunctiva or a pathological, conjunctivalized cornea.