The representation of authors of color in schizophrenia research articles published in high-impact psychiatric journals.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate how often scholars of color publish papers on schizophrenia in high-impact psychiatric journals, and whether they are more likely than white authors to prioritize race/ethnicity as a primary variable of interest in analyses. METHODS: Prior work categorized the types of ethnoracial analyses reported in 474 papers about schizophrenia published in high-impact psychiatric journals between 2014 and 2016. In this study, the photographs of the first and last author for each paper were coded as "person of color" (POC) or "white". Additionally, each author was asked to self-report their race and ethnicity. The percentage of papers published by white versus POC authors was calculated. Chi-square analyses tested the hypotheses that (a) white scholars are more likely than POC scholars to conduct any sort of racial analysis; (b) POC scholars are more likely to conduct primary analyses by race/ethnicity; and (c) white scholars are more likely to analyze race/ethnicity as extraneous variables. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of papers were published by POC first authors, and 17% were published by POC last authors. There were minimal differences in the types of analyses conducted by POC and white authors. Self-reported race/ethnicity showed that Asian scholars were the most highly represented within POC authors (9% of respondents), but only 3% of authors identified as Hispanic/Latinx and none identified as Black or Indigenous American. CONCLUSIONS: People of color are underrepresented as authors in US-based schizophrenia research published in high-impact journals. Culturally-informed mentorship as well as prioritization of race/ethnicity in funding structures are important to increase representation of POC authors.

The acute-phase mediator serum amyloid A is associated with symptoms of depression and fatigue.

OBJECTIVE: Establish whether inflammatory biomarkers-serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-are related to key symptoms of depression, including anxiety and fatigue, in a cross-sectional, out-patient setting to identify biomarkers that reflect psychiatric symptomatology in a naturalistic, real-life population. METHODS: We measured SAA, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in plasma samples from 89 adult psychiatric out-patients by multiplex, high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescent assays. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). RESULTS: Plasma SAA was most robustly associated with depressive symptoms across diagnostic boundaries in this cohort of out-patients. Elevated SAA was significantly associated with higher total scores on the HAMD-17 scale and correlated with multiple scale items that rated symptoms of fatigue and depressed mood, but not with anxiety-related items. CONCLUSIONS: SAA might constitute a cross-diagnostic marker indicative of depressed mood and fatigue in a naturalistic patient setting. Because SAA activates Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, present on macrophages and glial cells, its association with depression severity could also implicate this inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of mood disorders.

Usefulness of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for screening of anti HIV antibodies in urinary specimens: A comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Standard HIV testing is done using serum or plasma. FDA approved ELISA to screen urine for IgG antibodies to HIV-1 in 1996. It is a simple, noninvasive test and is appropriate for developing countries where health care personnel may not be professionally trained or where clean needles for drawing blood may not always be available. METHODS: 436 individuals with high-risk behavior and strong clinical suspicion of HIV infection were screened for IgG antibodies to HIV-1 in urine by ELISA. Urine HIV testing was performed by enzyme immunoassay, at the ongoing Voluntary Confidential Counseling and Testing Center (VCCTC) at a large tertiary care microbiology lab. The individuals enrolled for the study had high-risk exposure to the virus and majorities were from a state with a high incidence of HIV infection. In all individuals, both serum and urine were tested for IgG antibodies to HIV-1. RESULTS: Overall, 135 individuals (30.96%) were HIV-positive, of whom 96 (71%) had never previously tested positive; 87% of those who tested positive received their results, and most were referred for medical care. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of HIV-1 urine ELISA test kit were determined. Sensitivity was found to be 89.6%; 95% CI [82.9-94.0], specificity 97.3%; 95% CI [94.6-98.8], positive predictive value 93.8%; 95% CI [87.8-97.1] and negative predictive value 95.4%; 95% CI [92.3-97.4]. CONCLUSION: Efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity of the urine-based screening for HIV-1 test kits were excellent as compared to the reference test.

Newer versus Conventional Methods in the Diagnosis of Malaria: A Comparison.

BACKGROUND: This study attempts to evaluate and compare the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative buffy coat (QBC) assay with conventional Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear (PBS) examination in the diagnosis of malaria. METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 cases of smear positive malaria (group 1), 50 cases of clinically suspected malaria (group 2) and 15 healthy controls. All were subjected to Giemsa stain slide examination both thick and thin smear, QBC assay and PCR. PBS examination by Giemsa stain was taken as gold standard. RESULT: In this study the overall sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of QBC assay in group 1 was 100% and that of PCR was 60% and 100% respectively. In group 2 the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of QBC assay was 100% and that of PCR was 71%, 100%, 100% and 73% respectively as compared to the gold standard. All the 15 healthy controls were negative by all the three assays showing 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: QBC assay was an excellent alternative to the conventional method as it is rapid and less time consuming and can directly demonstrate the parasite. Utility of PCR lies in species-specific diagnosis of falciparum malaria especially when there is a high degree of clinical suspicion and the report is negative by the other two methods.

Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Cerebrospinal Fluid using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.

BACKGROUND: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is useful for rapid microbial detection in body fluids with low microbial load. It is easier to use universal or broad range primers for the amplification of conserved stretches of DNA common to all bacteria like 16S rRNA gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR products. METHODS: Forty samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected. After DNA extraction, universal or broad range PCR was performed using two universal primers U1-5'-CCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACG-3', corresponding to nucleotides 518 to 537 of the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA gene, and U2 - 5'-ATCGG(C/T)TACCTTGTTACGACTTC-3', corresponding to nucleotides 1513 to 1491 of the same gene. The PCR product was subjected to digestion by endonucleases- HaeIII, Mn11, BstB1 and Alu1. Restriction pattern obtained was compared with that of standard organisms to identify the pathogen. The results were compared with conventional methods. RESULT: Universal PCR could detect pathogens in 20% samples within 13-18 hours as compared to 16% by conventional methods. The analytical sensitivity was 10 Gram negative and 250 Gram positive organisms per 200 µl sample. Overall sensitivity was 83.3% and specificity was 91.2%. CONCLUSION: Universal PCR followed by RFLP of PCR product is a good alternative to conventional diagnosis of bacterial pathogens.

Serological Evidence of Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection could be involved in atherosclerosis and related clinical manifestations such as coronary artery disease, carotid artery stenosis and myocardial infarction. METHODS: Serum IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to chlamydia genus specific antigen were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 100 cases of angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) and 100 randomly selected healthy individuals as controls after matching for age and sex. All the samples positive for chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies were then subjected to Chlamydia pneumoniae species specific IgG antibody ELISA. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies in control group was 59% with an increase in seropositivity with increasing age. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 76% in CAD group and the prevalence was significantly high in all age groups as compared to controls. The odds ratio was 2.20 for seropositivity of chlamydia genus specific IgG antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and/or angina than in control group. No significant association was observed for IgA and IgM anti-chlamydial antibodies. The odds ratio for prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae species specific IgG antibodies in CAD patients increased to 2.55 in comparison to age and sex matched controls. CONCLUSION: Current study supports the reported association between C pneumoniae infection and CAD in Indian population.

Identification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Subtypes by Heteroduplex Mobility Assay.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has developed marked genomic sequence differences over the course of an epidemic because of an error prone reverse transcriptase (RT), which rapidly incorporates mutations resulting in genomic diversity, altered cell tropism, immune escape and variable resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The best preventive strategy for HIV control is development of an efficacious prophylactic vaccine using the most appropriate (antigenically related) subtypes. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, HIV strains can be separated into major group "M" consisting of genetic subtypes A-K, "N", the new group and "O", the outlier group. METHODS: Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) is a rapid, economical and reliable technique of subtyping HIV-1. It is based on the principle of determining the genomic relatedness and divergence of the unknown sample with the known reference plasmid HIV-1 subtypes by studying the mobility patterns of the resulting heteroduplexes formed on the polyacrylamide gel. RESULT: A total of 70 HIV-1 seropositive samples obtained from service personnel, their families and civilians from service hospitals were analyzed and their subtype distribution studied. 66 (94.28%) were HIV-1 subtype C and two (2.85%) subtype B. In two (2.85%) samples, the subtype distribution was homotypic recombinant, one each of subtype C1 & C2 and C2 & C4 respectively. CONCLUSION: Service personnel and their families represent a divergent population from different regions of India. An analysis of subtypes in these HIV-1 seropositive individuals will help in understanding the geographical distribution and evolution of the virus. Determination of HIV-1 subtypes has significant implications for development of candidate vaccine for India.

Epidemiological Investigation of an Outbreak of Enteric Fever.

BACKGROUND: Ninety five cases of enteric fever among military recruits from a regimental training centre at Maharastra were admitted to the local military hospital in a few weeks time. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study and detailed site survey was undertaken. Blood culture, antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) with serotyping and phage typing of the isolates were done. RESULT: A total of 95 cases occurred from 31 March 2003 to 17 May 2003. Blood culture for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was positive in 60 (63.16%) cases. All the isolates showed same serotype - 9, 12: d: Vi and all belonged to phage type E1 biotype 1 indicating single source outbreak. There was one fatality. There was clustering in time and place indicating a common source outbreak. Exploration of water pipeline supply revealed sewage contamination due to pipeline passing close to a overflowing manhole. ABST revealed multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of enteric fever occurred due to sewage contamination of drinking water pipeline.

Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Healthy Individuals, Acute Viral Hepatitis and Persons at Risk for Parenteral Transmission.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis G virus (HGV), transmitted mostly by parenteral route, has been under investigation for its role as an agent for viral hepatitis. This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of HGV in healthy individuals, multi-transfused patients with acute viral hepatitis and those under going dialysis. METHOD: The study included 200 healthy individuals and 180 patients, comprising acute viral hepatitis (100 cases), multi-transfused patients (50 cases) and patients undergoing dialysis (30 cases). HGV RNA and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was detected by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all. Viral marker studies for hepatitis A, B and E were carried out by ELISA in acute viral hepatitis cases. In healthy individuals, in patients with multiple transfusions or those undergoing dialysis, marker studies for HBV and HCV were carried out. RESULT: The prevalence of HGV in healthy individuals was 2.5% (5/200), in non A-E hepatitis 3% (3/100), in multi-transfused patients 4% (2/50) and in patients undergoing dialysis 6.67% (2/30). There was no significant difference in the prevalence rate of HGV infection in healthy individuals and in patients with non A-E hepatitis. CONCLUSION: Depending on prevalence rate, HGV could not be implicated as cause of acute viral hepatitis. Persons with parenteral risk factor (multiple blood transfusions and those undergoing dialysis) had higher prevalence rate as compared to healthy individuals.

Outbreak of Pneumococcal Pneumonia among Military Recruits.

BACKGROUND: Between 04 Mar 2002 to 21 Mar 2002, 31 cases of pneumonia were admitted at a military hospital in South India. Most of these cases were young recruits. The out break was investigated to ascertain the cause and suggest preventive measures. METHODS: Detailed epidemiological history was taken from all 31 cases and 100 controls. Case sheets, laboratory reports and chest radiographs were studied. Laboratory investigations included sputum examination by Gram stain and blood cultures on brain heart infusion broth. Cultures grown on liquid media were subcultured on solid media. The regimental centre was visited to note the living and environmental conditions. RESULTS: Epidemiological investigations revealed overcrowding in the regimental centre. The space per recruit was below recommended standards. 51.6% of recruits who contacted pneumonia were sleeping on double deckers as compared to 21% of healthy controls. Blood culture was positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae in 25.8% of the cases. Chest radiograph showed consolidation typical of lobar pneumonia in 67% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of pneumococcal pneumonia occurred due to overcrowding. Chilly weather conditions and stress were contributing factors.

Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant Salmonella Typhi Enteric Fever in Mumbai Garrison.

BACKGROUND: There was an epidemic of enteric fever in Mumbai garrison during Nov-Dec 2000 with more than 150 cases admitted to a tertiary care service hospital. METHODS: All the cases presented with fever and some had splenomegaly, bradycardia, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. The epidemic was investigated by the station health organization (SHO) and the case and bacteriological study was carried out in pathology laboratory of the service hospital. The serological study was carried out at Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune and the Phage typing was carried out at Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi. RESULTS: Blood cultures were positive in 92(63%) for Salmonella typhi and Widal test was positive in 83(55%). All strains were resistant to four primary drugs i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline. All but two were treated successfully with ceftriaxone. The Salmonella typhi belonged to phage group E1 and biotype I. CONCLUSION: Extensive epidemiological investigation of cases and water sources of cantonment area pointed to a common source of the epidemic i.e. the well near 'Gurudwara'.

Outbreak of Viral Hepatitis E in a Regimental Training Centre.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred in a regimental centre with 265 cases occurring during a 3 months period. METHODS: 190 serum samples were tested for IgM antibodies against viral hepatitis E by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) and for antibodies against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B viruses. Epidemiological investigation comprised review of surveillance data, filling up epidemiological case sheet, sanitary survey, inspection of water supplies and bacteriological examination of water for coliforms. RESULT: 97.4% of the serum samples were positive for IgM antibodies against Hepatitis E virus. Two leaks were detected in water pipelines, which were passing through contaminated areas around improperly functioning septic tanks and soak pits. The attack rate among recruits being supplied water through leaking pipelines was 11.1% whereas it was 2.89% in those not directly exposed. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Bacteriological examination of water showed a high coliform count. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of viral hepatitis E occurred due to sewage contamination of water pipelines.

Hepatitis G Virus: Prevalence in Blood Donors in Armed Forces.

BACKGROUND: A new RNA virus designated hepatitis G virus (HGV) was recently identified. Because HGV has less than 25% sequence or amino acid homology with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other established Flaviviridae, it is considered to be a new genus in this growing family of hapatotropic viruses. Hepatitis G virus has been associated with hepatitis and is transmitted through parenteral and sexual route. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study comprising 500 healthy voluntary blood donors (service personnel) was under taken to find out prevalence of HGV. HGV RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and antibody to HCV were detected by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Thirteen donors (2.6%) were positive for HGV RNA. 17 donors (3.4%) were positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) by ELISA. Co-infection of HGV with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was seen in 5 donors and with HCV infection in 2 donors. Co-infection of HGV, HBV and HCV was not seen in any donor. CONCLUSION: So far there is no conclusive evidence that HGV produces hepatitis. But presence of HGV in hepatitis cases casts a doubt on this finding. Prevalence rate in blood donors may be helpful in future studies when the exact role of HGV is known.

Incidence and Drug Susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV infected Patien.

Incidence of HIV infection in patients with tuberculosis was found out by serological method (ELISA) with confirmation by Western Blot analysis. Out of 2116 tuberculosis patients tested for HIV, 150 cases were found to be positive for HIV infection (5.73%). Drug susceptibility to first line antitubercular drugs was carried out in 1378 isolates from HIV negative cases and 68 isolates from AIDS cases. The overall resistance pattern to one or more drugs was seen in 13.78% of isolates from HIV negative cases as compared to 7.2% isolates in AIDS cases. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was seen in 8.9% of isolates from HIV negative cases as compared to 4.4% of isolates from AIDS cases.

Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA Based Typing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from various sources during the course of an epidemic outbreak of bacterial endophthalmitis following an eye camp at Sangli, Maharashtra. 15 distinct isolates were obtained from clinical samples. Typing of the 15 isolates was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, pyocin typing and antibiogram. RAPD typing was rapid, labour friendly and could be done within six hours. RAPD analysis produced reproducible electrophoretic band patterns on the basis of which three distinct amplification patterns could be visualised. The conventional typing methods were labour intensive and took about 48 hours. However, the results of RAPD typing, pyocin typing and antibiogram did not correlate with each other. This study suggests that RAPD typing could be an additional rapid typing method for studying the epidemiology of infectious disease outbreaks due to P aeruginosa.

Potency Titration of Oral Polio Vaccine by Estimation of Live Virus Content Using Tissue Culture Technique.

Representative vaccines from 34 different batches of oral log10 (6.425) and a minimum titre of polio vaccine (OPV) were tested for potency by tissue culture technique. All 34 samples were found to be potent, a maximum titre of log10 (6.425) and a minimum titre of log10 (5.86) was obtained. In addition, 6 vaccines from the immunisation clinic (left over sample after immunisation) were also subjected to potency titration and their potency was found to be within normal limits. Adequate potency confirmed ideal storage condition of the vaccines in Armed Forces set up.

Early Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by p24 Antigen Detection.

p24 antigen was estimated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sero-negative individuals attending various sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics and also in sero-negative voluntary blood donors. A total of 300 STD cases and 500 voluntary blood donors, who also acted as controls, were included in this study. Antibody to HIV was detected by ELISA and was confirmed by western blot. In sero-negative individuals, p24 antigen detection was carried out by standard assay and immune-complex dissociation assay (ICD assay) using ELISA method and confirmation was done by neutralisation assay. In voluntary blood donors, 4 (0.8%) individuals were found to be HIV positive and no sero-negative individual was positive for p24 antigen. 41 out of 300 patients attending STD clinics were found to be positive for HIV and in 259 sero-negative patients, p24 antigen was detected in 6 (2.3%) cases by ICD assay whereas only 4 cases were detected by standard assay. By estimating p24 antigen an additional 2.3% HIV positive cases that were in window period were detected. Further, an ICD assay improves the detection of p24 positive individuals.

HIV - 1 SUBTYPES, ITS IMPLICATIONS AND VIRAL DYNAMICS.

Subtyping of HIV has important implications for developing candidate vaccine and understanding the biological behaviour and dynamics of HIV transmission in various populations. The third variable region (V3) in the envelope gene of HIV-1 has been shown to be a major determinant influencing a number of biological characteristics of the virus. HIV-1 evolves by rapid mutation and by recombination, both processes actively contributing to its genetic diversity. Most of the multiple genetic subtypes and intersubtype recombination of HIV-1 that comprise the global pandemic have not been characterized by full genome sequencing. The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine is likely to depend on knowledge of circulating variants of genes other than the commonly sequenced gag and env genes.

A STRATEGY FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS NASAL CARRIER STATUS.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi drug resistant organism responsible for severe outbreaks of life threatening infections in hospitals which are difficult to treat They are spread by nasal carriage among the hospitalised patients, staff and visitors. Mannitol cloxacillin salt agar (MCSA) is a single tube method to identify MRSA. However, tubes showing growth and change in colour on biochemical characterisation often do not prove to be MRSA. In this study we have combined two strategies for the rapid identification and isolation of MRSA by culture in MCSA and multiplex PCR for mecA and femB genes. Anterior nasal swabs obtained from nursing staff and patients admitted to a large referral hospital, were inoculated into MCSA. Of the 100 tubes inoculated, 8 tubes showed change in colour and growth. On conventional testing 4 were MRSA, 3 were methicillin sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and 1 was Methicillin Sensitive Coagulase Negative S aureus (MSCNS). Genotyping by multiplex PCR revealed 5 MRSA, 2 MSSA and 1 MRCNS. The Multiplex PCR technique to rapidly identify presence of mecA and femB genes showed presence of both mecA and femB bands in all MRSA. The methicillin sensitive organisms showed absence of mecA gene while coagulase negative organisms showed absence of the fern B gene. Combining MSCA with multiplex PCR for mec A and fem B genes made the test both rapid and specific. Use of this strategy would enable rapid screening of nasal carriers and early implementation of hospital infection control measures.