Removal of pollutants through photocatalysis, adsorption, and electrochemical sensing by a unique plasmonic structure of palladium and strontium oxide nanoparticles sandwiched between 2D nanolayers.

The redesigned engineering building of nanocomposite (NCP) depends on metal oxides of palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles (NPs) conjugate with the n-type semiconductor of strontium oxide (SrO) NPs on the electron carrier surface of graphene oxide (GO) and reduce graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet is the main target of the current work. The low efficiency of PdO (n-type) and SrO (p-type) gave an overview of the increasing generation electron efficiency via building the ohmic area on the GO and rGO surface using the Z-scheme mechanism. The efficiency of the NCP surface for destroying organic pollutants such as mixed dyes of Rhodamine B and methylene blue (RhB/MB), as against insecticides like imidacloprid, and the removal of heavy metals such as chromium ions was studied. The production of clean water against pollutants materials was investigated through adsorption and photocatalytic processes, electrochemical, and spectroscopy methods to detect the activity of NCP. The rate constant of the adsorption pollutants is 0.1776 min-1 (MB), 0.3489 min-1 (RhB), 0.3627 min-1 (imidacloprid), and 0.5729 min-1 (Cr3+). The photocatalytic rate recorded at 0.01218 min-1 (MB), 0.0096 min-1 (RhB), appeared degradation rate at 0.0086 min-1 (imidacloprid), 0.0019 min-1 (Cr6+), and 0.0471 min-1 (Cr3+). The adsorption and photocatalytic efficiency of nanocatalyst (NCP) was calculated at 91% (RhB), 93% (MB), 73% (imidacloprid), 63% (Cr3+), while the photocatalytic efficiency is 63% (RhB), 94% (MB), 86% (imidacloprid), 33% (Cr3+). The recyclability of NCP was tested for five cycles, and the efficiency was discovered at 55% after the fifth cycle. The cytotoxicity of NCP was studied to detect the safety of the fabricated materials. The study validates that the fabricated nanocomposite exhibits great potential as an innovative material for producing clean water.

Volume of Enlarged White Matter of Thalamus among Individuals with Depression on Magnetic Resonance Image: A Study of BrainSuite Segmentation.

Background: The thalamus, located in the diencephalon, regulates emotions and memories. If there is a problem in this area of the brain, it can cause an amnestic syndrome characterized by difficulties in remembering and recognizing things. The objective of this study was to identify changes in the volume of the thalamus while contrasting them among individuals with depression. Materials and Methods: The study involved measuring the volumes of the white matter of the thalamus in 79 patients with depression (42 males and 37 females) between 20 and 40 years (24 ± 5.51). This was compared to a control group of 53 individuals (24 ± 4.91) consisting of 29 males and 24 females, who were comparable in terms of sex and age. The measurements were taken employing BrainSuite version 18a. 021 Win 64bit software on a Philips 1.5 Tesla Magnetom Avanto Vision System magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition (MPRA) was utilized to acquire three-dimensional images with T1 weighting. Results: The volume of white matter in the respective right and left thalamus was 5.09 cm3 and 4.58 cm3 (±standard deviation (SD) = 6.43 and 4.74) among individuals with depression. In the control group, the volume of white matter in the right and left thalamus was 3.66 cm3 and 4.16 cm3 (±SD = 3.99 and 5.06), respectively. The P-value is more than 0.05. The average volume of white matter in the right and left thalamus of females with depression and controls was 6.47 cm3 and 6.77 cm3 (with SD of 4.17 and 4.3), and 3.25 cm3 and 3.13 cm3 (with SD of 6.55 and 6.77), respectively. Conclusions: Our data suggest that individuals with depression exhibit an augmentation in the white matter of the thalamus, particularly in female patients where there is an upsurge in white matter volume. Depression appears to be linked to a decrease in volume on the left side of the brain.

Bio-study: Modeling of natural nanomolecules as a nanocarrier surface for antioxidant and glucose biosensor.

The nature of nano molecules as a self-assembled nanocomposite surface depends on the nanoparticles of sodium butyrate, cellulose, and pycnogenol; the synthesis is achieved via precipitation and grinding methods. The excellent functionalized surface of nanocomposite (NCP) enables the loading of the selected drugs, where the efficiency of the NCP surface arrived at 92.2 %. The electrochemical behavior emphasized the success of a functionalized NCP surface for incorporation with drugs for the drug delivery system, the results of cytotoxicity detect the effect of NCP on the mouse normal liver (BNL) cells, where the high and low concentrations on the BNL cells have a safe dose. Cell viability with BNL cells was reported at 101.8 % with10 µL and 100.12 % with 100 µL, the interaction between the NCP and the human serum albumin (HSA) at room temperature. The low interaction rate with the glutamate and increased binding with the oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (SGH) reflect the antioxidant activity of NCP. The strong binding of NCP with biomolecules such as glucose is referred to as the biosensor property. The results recommend that NCP is an excellent nanocarrier for drug delivery and glucose biosensors for diabetes.

Enhancement efficiency delivery of antiviral Molnupiravir-drug via the loading with self-assembly nanoparticles of pycnogenol and cellulose which are decorated by zinc oxide nanoparticles for COVID-19 therapy.

The target of the study is to modify the efficiency of Molnupiravir-drug (MOL) for COVID-19 therapy via the rearrangement of the building engineering of MOL-drug by loading it with self-assembly biomolecules nanoparticles (NPs) of pycnogenol (Pyc) and cellulose (CNC) which are decorated by zinc oxide nanoparticles. The synthesis and characterization of the modified drug are performing successfully, the loading and release process of the MOL drug on a nano surface is measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy under room temperature and different pH. The release efficiency of the MOL drug is calculated to be 65% (pH 6.8) and 69% (pH 7.4). The modified MOL drug displays 71% (pH 6.8) and 78% (pH 7.4) for CNC@Pyc.MOL nanocomposite, while CNC@Pyc.MOL.ZnO nanocomposite gave values at 76% (pH 6.8) and 78% (pH 7.4), the efficiency recorded after 19 h. The biological activity of the MOL-drug and modified MOL-drug is measured, and the cytotoxicity is performed by SRB technique, where the self-assembly (CNC@Pyc) appears to be a safe healthy, and high viability against the examined cell line. The antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory are evaluated, where the nanocomposite that has ZnO NPs (CNC@Pyc.MOL.ZnO) gave high efficiency compared to the composite without ZnO NPs. The CPE-inhibition assay is used to identify potential antivirals against CVID-19 (229E virus), the viral inhibition (%) was reported at 37.6 % (for 800 µg/ml) and 18.02 % (for 400 µg/ml) of CNC@Pyc.MOL.ZnO. So, the modified MOL-drug was suggested as a replacement drug for the therapy of COVID-19 compared to MOL-drug, but the results need clinical trials.

Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles Mitigate Aging-Related Oxidative Injured Brain Induced by D-galactose in Rats Through Antioxidants, Anti-Inflammatory, and MAPK Pathways.

Background: Loss of normal function is an inevitable effect of aging. Several factors contribute to the aging process, including cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Methods: We investigate how Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) protect against aging injury induced by d-galactose (D-gal) in the rat. So, we subcutaneously (S/C) injected D-gal at 200 mg/kg BW to see if Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) might protect against the oxidative changes generated by D-gal. NSP (0.5 mg/kg body weight once daily by gastric gavage) was given to all groups apart from the control and D-gal groups. The d-gal + NSP group was supplemented with 200 mg of D-gal per kg BW once a day and NSP 0.5 mg/kg BW given orally for 45 days. Biochemical, mRNA expression, and histological investigations of brain tissues were used to evaluate the oxidative alterations caused by d-gal and the protective role of NSP. Results: Our data demonstrated that d-gal was causing significant reductions in relative brain and body weight with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and redox oxygen species (ROS) levels and increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme BB (CPK-BB) with marked decreases in the level of antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain and acetylcholinesterase activity augmented with a phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) level increased. The D-gal group had considerably higher phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38MAPK) and C-Jun N-terminal (JNK) kinases. The d-gal administration stimulates the apoptotic gene expression by downregulating the brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The NSP administration saved these parameters in the direction of the control. The brain histopathologic and immunohistochemistry analysis findings support our findings on NSP's protective role. Conclusion: The NSP may be a promising natural protective compound that can prevent aging and preserve health.

Ameliorative Effect of Thymoquinone and Thymoquinone Nanoparticles against Diazinon-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats: A Possible Protection Mechanism.

The health benefits of thymoquinone (TQ) have been a significant focus of numerous studies. However, more research is needed to ascertain whether its nano-form can effectively treat or prevent chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated how thymoquinone and its nanoparticles can mitigate liver damage induced by diazinon in male Wistar rats and explored the intracellular mechanisms involved. Forty-two Wistar male rats (n = 42) were randomly allotted into seven groups. Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 (vehicle) consisted of rats that received corn oil via a gastric tube daily. In Group 3 (TQ), rats were given a daily oral administration of TQ (40 mg/kg bw). Group 4 (thymoquinone nanoparticles, NTQ) included rats that received NTQ (0.5 mg/kg bw) orally for 21 days. Group 5 (DZN) involved rats that were administered diazinon (DZN, 15 mg/kg bw) orally. In Group 6 (TQ + DZN), rats first received TQ orally, followed by DZN. Group 7 (NTQ + DZN) consisted of rats receiving NTQ orally, then DZN. After 21 days of treatment, the rats were euthanized. After oral administration of DZN, liver enzymes were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were noticeable increases in oxidative injury markers, such as nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, redox oxygen radicals, and overall increases in hydrogen peroxide and liver protein carbonyl concentrations. This was accompanied by the upregulation of apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase9, caspase 3, bax/Bcl2 ratio), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and DNA damage. There was also a noteworthy decrease (p < 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic markers. However, the oral administration of thymoquinone or its nanoparticle form mitigated these diazinon complications; our histopathological findings corroborated our biochemical and molecular observations. In conclusion, the significant antioxidant properties of thymoquinone, or its nanoparticle form, in tandem with the downregulation of apoptotic markers and inflammatory cytokines, provided a protective effect against hepatic dysfunction caused by diazinon.

Dual mechanism (sunlight/dark) of the self-assembly nitazoxanide drug on cellulose nanocrystal surface for destroying the Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.

Destruction of the cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) Oocysts is the main target of the work via the improvement effect of the nitazoxanide (NTZ) drug by increasing the drug adsorption process without changing the cell viability. The synthesis of a self-assembly nanocomposite (NCP) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and NTZ drug was performed successfully via the chemical precipitation methods without utilizing the temperature. Also, the characterization of the fabricated NCP was achieved by different techniques to confirm the natural formation of the NCP. The efficient loading of the NTZ drug on the CMC surface and the release process of NCP was calculated by a UV-Visible spectroscopy device, and the loading efficiency is 37 %. The release efficiency is displayed at 66.3 % after 6 h, and 97 % after 48 h at pH 7.4 with NTZ pure, while the release efficiency of CNC@NTZ at the same pH is 61 % after 6 h, and 86 % after 48 h at pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of NCP was conducted on normal mouse liver cells (BNL) via the quick screening cytotoxicity method (SRB). The effect of NCP on C. parvum was detected with an in-vivo study in the dark and under sunlight conditions. Compared to the NTZ and CNC, the fabricated NCP was able to destroy 89.3 % of the oocyst wall after 96 h. Moreover, a sporulation inhibition percentage of 53.97 % ± 0.63 % was achieved by a maximum concentration of 7 mg/mL after 9.5 h. The results are very encouraging to use the modified NCP as an alternative NTZ drug, although further research is required in terms of clinical trials.

Spectroscopic study to verify the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment through a delivery system of the sofosbuvir drug on chitosan and pycnogenol nanoparticles surface.

The target of the current study is to create a novel hybrid nanocomposite (Cs@Pyc.SOF) by combining the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug sofosbuvir with the nano antioxidant pycnogenol (Pyc) and nano biomolecules like chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs). The characterization procedure works to verify the creation of nanocomposite (NCP) using several different techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to measure SOF loading efficiency. The various concentrations of the SOF drug were used to determine the binding constant rate Kb, which was found to be 7.35 ± 0.95 min-1 with an 83% loading efficiency. At pH 7.4, the release rate was 80.6% after two hours and 92% after 48 h, whereas at pH 6.8, it was 29% after two hours and 94% after 48 h. After 2 and 48 h, the release rate in water was 38% and 77%, respectively. . The SRB technique for fast screening is used for the cytotoxicity test, where the investigated composites show a safety status and high viability against the examined cell line. The cytotoxicity assay of the SOF hybrid materials has been identified with cell lines like mouse normal liver cells (BNL). So, Cs@Pyc.SOF was recommended as a substitute medication for the therapy of HCV, but the results need clinical studies.

The anti-toxic effect of the date palm fruit extract loaded on chitosan nanoparticles against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in a mouse model.

The liver is the most important organ in the body. Hepatocyte oxidative damage occurs to excess ROS. Liver fibrosis is a mechanism that the immune system uses to treat extreme inflammation by repairing damaged tissue with the creation of a scar. The outcome of fibrosis may be reversed by consuming natural plant extracts with high ROS-scavenging ability. The date palm fruits contain caffeic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to prepare a date fruit extract, load it onto chitosan nanoparticles, and compare its anti-fibrotic activity with the unloaded crude extract in the CCl4-mouse model. Our findings show that nanocomposite (Cs@FA/DEx) has anti-fibrotic properties and can improve liver function enzymes and endogenous antioxidant enzymes by inhibiting cell apoptosis caused by CCl4-induction in mice. Furthermore, significantly reduced CD95 and ICAM1 levels and down-regulation of TGFß-1 and collagen-α-1 expression demonstrated the anti-fibrotic effects of the Cs@FA/DEx. Therefore, the Cs@FA/DEx might be an innovative supplement for inhibiting liver fibrosis and hepatocyte inflammation induced by chemical toxins. Besides, this nano-supplement could be a promising anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agent as it has potent in vitro anticancer activity against the HePG2 cell line.

Avocado peel extract loaded on chitosan nanoparticles alleviates urethane toxicity that causes lung cancer in a mouse model.

Lung cancer progresses without obvious symptoms and is detected in most patients at late stages, causing a high rate of mortality. Avocado peels (AVP) were thought to be biowaste, but they have antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro. Chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs) were loaded with various plant extracts, increasing their in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities. Our goal was to load AVP onto Cs-NPs and determine the role of AVP-extract or AVP-loaded Cs-NPs in controlling the progression of lung cancer caused by urethane toxicity. The AVP-loaded chitosan nano-combination (Cs@AVP NC) was synthesized and characterized. Our in vitro results show that Cs@AVP NC has higher anticancer activity than AVP against three human cancer cell lines. The in vivo study proved the activation of apoptosis in lung cancer cells with the Cs@AVP NC oral treatment more than the AVP treatment. Additionally, Cs@AVP NC-treated animals showed significantly higher p53 and Bax-expression levels and lower NF-κB p65 levels in their lung tissues than in positive control animals. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the superior anticancer potency of Cs@AVP NC over AVP extract and its ability to inhibit lung cancer proliferation. Therefore, oral consumption of Cs@AVP NC might be a promising treatment for lung cancer.

Enhancing the photoinduced via a novel nano-combination of terbium oxide and nickel oxide on graphene oxide surface: Cytotoxicity and water treatment.

The target is a novel nano-combination membrane (NCM) via Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb2O3 NPs) and nickel oxide (NiO NPs) which integrates on the graphene oxide (GO) surface. The NCM is characterized by different tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)for removing organic pollutants. The precipitation method has been applied for fabricating the selected metal oxides (MOs), where the terbium chloride and nickel chloride are used as precursors for fabricating the metal oxides (MOs) NPs that formed with potassium hydroxide in the solution. The photocatalytic activity of fabricated NCM has been noticed with the quenching of mixed Rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes at various times for water treatment. UV-vis spectra confirmed the excellent efficiency against organic pollution degradation. After exposure to the light for 100 min, the photodegradation efficacy of MB and RhB appeared at 46.88 % and 16.4 %, with GO@Tb2O3, by GO@Tb2O3.NiO the efficiency was 54.8 % and 32.3 % after 100 min, while GO@NiO has degradation efficiency at 43 % and 17.3 % for MB and RhB respectively. The cytotoxicity of NCM is detected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), the result illustrated that the fabricated NCM does not affect the cancer cells with the 10 µL, but with the higher concentration of 100 µL, the cell lysis was observed. The results of photocatalytic and cytotoxicity are recommended using these fabricated NCM in water treatment.

Potential of chitosan nanoparticle/fluoride nanocomposite for reducing the toxicity of fluoride an in-vivo study on the rat heart functions: Hematopoietic and immune systems.

The present work-study the decreasing fluoride ions toxicity on the rat heart via loading them on the chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) surface to form the biologically compatible composite (Cs@NaF). The obtained nanocomposite was characterized by different techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), zeta potential, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The biochemical parameters in the albino rats perform, where twenty-eight male adult Sprague Dawley rats (average body weight of 150 ± 10 g) were obtained from the Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, then acclimatized for two weeks before the experiment and divided into four groups in galvanized wire cages at room temperature (22-25 °C) with a 12-h photoperiod and fed a well-balanced commercial diet. The blood samples were obtained from the vena cava of the rat heart via estimation of the troponin T, Lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase. Also, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and hematological measurements have been performed on the rat heart. To express all of the data, the mean and standard error of the mean are utilized by (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. The modified chitosan with fluoride decreases the toxicity of fluoride via improving the rat heart function due to the presence of Cs NPs helped to mitigate some of the negative effects of fluoride therapy.

Drug delivery of sofosbuvir drug capsulated with the ß-cyclodextrin basket loaded on chitosan nanoparticle surface for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV).

The present work-study the improvement of the loading and release efficiency of sofosbuvir drug (SOF) for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the combination process with ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) basket to form a novel self-assembly ßCD-SOF which load on the chitosan nanoparticle (Cs NPs) to form a novel hybrid composite (Cs@ßCD-SOF). The characterization process performs for confirming the formation of hybrid composite with various methods. The loading efficiency of SOF is performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which is reported at 94.54% for Cs@ßCD-SOF, while in the reverse case the efficiency is ßCD-SOF@Cs 65.2%. The binding constant (Kb) was reported at 1.33 ± 0.02, and 0.1069 ± 0.03 min-1for Cs@ßCD-SOF and ßCD-SOF@Cs, respectively. The release process of SOF is reported by UV-Vis spectra at 271 nm with 30 min intervals, at pH 7.4 the release efficiency is 67% after 6 h, and 78% after 21 h, while it gave 61% release efficiency at pH 6.8 after time 6 h, and 63% after 21 h. The cytotoxicity assay of the SOF capsulated hybrid materials (ßCD-SOF and Cs@ßCD-SOF) has been detected with three different types of cell lines like mouse normal liver cells (BNL), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7). SRB method for the quick screening is used for the cytotoxicity assay of the SOF capsulated materials, where the examined composites appear a safety status and high viability against the examined cell line. The FRAP method is used to detect the antioxidant activities of SOF capsulated materials. The recommendation for using a safe alternative SOF drug based on Cs NPs and ßCD which give on loading and release efficiency compared to SOF drugs, but the clinical trials are an important step.

Effect of a Novel Hybrid Nanocomposite of Cisplatin-Chitosan on Induced Tissue Injury as a Suggested Drug by Reducing Cisplatin Side Effects.

The self-assembly of cisplatin (Cis-Pt) and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) has been synthesized and characterized successfully by different analyses and techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficiency of loading Cis-Pt on Cs NPs for decreasing the side effects of Cis-Pt by loading it on Cs NP surface was revealed through histopathological and physiological measurements for the liver, testis, and kidney cells. Self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite (Cis-Pt@Cs) could improve spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. Kidney examination showed intact glomeruli with a mild increase in capsular space in addition to the intact renal tubular epithelial lining, and liver findings showed improvement in dilation and congestion of the central vein besides mild dilation of blood sinusoids in addition to a mild degree of hepatocyte vacuolation. The serum levels of hepatic, renal, and testicular marker analysis were measured, where Cis-Pt increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, urea, creatinine, and decreased testosterone levels, while synthesized self-assembly appeared normalized levels. From the results, the self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite decreases and improves the side effects of Cis-Pt.

Effects of sodium butyrate nanoparticles on the hemato-immunological indices, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and gene expression responses in Oreochromisniloticus.

Recently, nanotechnology has been greatly developed to provide the aquaculture industry with new beneficial nanomaterials to improve the health and welfare of aquatic animals. Herein, an eight-week experiment was designed to examine the dietary impacts of sodium butyrate nanoparticles (SB-NPs) on the hematological profile, blood proteins, immunological indices, antioxidant capacity, and expression analysis of cytokines and antioxidant-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups (3 replicates per group) and were fed diets supplemented with 5 levels of SB-NPs as 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg kg-1. The results revealed that supplementing diets with SB-NPs (1.0-2.0 mg kg-1) significantly elevated erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit values, total albumin, globulin, serum lysozyme activities, and total immunoglobulin M values compared with the control group. Notably, the highest levels of the parameters mentioned above were noticed in the group fed diet supplemented with 1.5 mg kg-1 SB-NPs. Moreover, dietary SB-NPs modulated the fish's antioxidant defense mechanisms, whereas there was a significant increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities along with a significant decline in hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations in fish groups fed diets supplemented with SB-NPs (1.0-2.0 mg kg-1). A significant upregulation of antioxidant enzyme genes (gpx and sod), anti-inflammatory cytokine (il-10), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1ß and il-8) were noticed in liver tissues of SB-NPs groups (0.5-1.5 mg kg-1). The highest mRNA expression folds of the above genes were recorded in the fish group fed diet supplemented with 1.5 mg kg-1 SB-NPs. In this context, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with SB-NPs can boost the antioxidant status and immunity of O. niloticus. However, further research studies are still recommended.

Sandwich nanohybrid of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol for water treatment and Sofosbuvir drug delivery for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV).

The incorporation between nano-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nano-chitosan (Cs) to produce sandwich nanohybrid (SNH) for water treatment and improvement the adsorption of sofosbuvir drug (SOF). The photocatalytic activity and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with oxidation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO). The effect of SNH on the release of SOF in blood and inside the cells at pH 7.4 and pH 6.8, respectively were observed by UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The binding constant (Kb) was reported at 0.0035 min-1 and the loading constant at 0.0024 min-1, while the release efficiency was 42.6% at pH 7.4 and 74.7% at pH 6.8. The efficiency of photocatalytic activity against organic dyes MO, MB, and RhB are detected at 2.4% and 1%, and 42%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of SNH has been observed with MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cell line with three concentrations of SNH, where the little concentration has low effect on the HepG2 and high viability, this result was reversed with the high concentration, also the yellow color due to the lysis of the cells. The antioxidant of the SNH was detected by FRAP technique.

Spectroscopic study of self-assembly of anti-hepatitis C virus sofosbuvir drug with bio-polymeric nanoparticles for improving the drug release effect.

Self-assembly of Sofosbuvir drug (SOF) anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) with bio-polymeric nanoparticles such as chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) and polyvinyl alcohol nanoparticles (PVA NPs), the novel composites have been characterized successfully by different analysis such as Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transmittance Infrared (FT-IR). The improvement of the Sofosbuvir effect as a result of loading drug on the bio-polymer NPs surface has been detected by the UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The improvement of SOF efficiency was revealed via studying the drug release of SOF from biopolymers NPs surface at pH 7.4, UV-Vis spectra used for the releasing process. The binding constant (Kb) value was reported at 0.000055 and 0.3613 min-1 for Cs and PVA NPs respectively. Also, the value of KSV was documented at 0.0014 and 7.16 min-1 for Cs@SOF and PVA@SOF hybrid nanocomposite. The incorporation rate (k) of SOF on the surface of biopolymer nano molecules was calculated to be 0.00812 and 0.0165 min-1 for Cs and PVA NPs, respectively. Besides the observed value of (n) was close to the unit 0.74 and 0.86 for Cs and PVA NPs, respectively. The SOF released from Cs NPs surface was documented at 0.09 mg after 24 h, while PVA NPs reported at 0.7 mg at the same time and the release efficiency is 56.5 and 73% for Cs@SOF and PVP@SOF, respectively. From the results, we suggest Cs/SOF and PVA/SOF hybrid nanocomposites have spectroscopic results that make them promising candidate drugs, but need to the clinical trials.

Validation and assessment of an antibiotic-based, aseptic decontamination manufacturing protocol for therapeutic, vacuum-dried human amniotic membrane.

Amniotic membrane (AM) is used to treat a range of ophthalmic indications but must be presented in a non-contaminated state. AM from elective caesarean sections contains natural microbial contamination, requiring removal during processing protocols. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of antibiotic decontamination of AM, during processing by innovative low-temperature vacuum-drying. Bioburden of caesarean section AM was assessed, and found to be present in low levels. Subsequently, the process for producing vacuum-dried AM (VDAM) was assessed for decontamination ability, by artificially loading with Staphylococcus epidermidis at different stages of processing. The protocol was highly efficient at removing bioburden introduced at any stage of processing, with antibiotic treatment and drying the most efficacious steps. The antibacterial activity of non-antibiotic treated AM compared to VDAM was evaluated using minimum inhibitory/biocidal concentrations (MIC/MBC), and disc diffusion assays against Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Meticillin-resistant S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Antibacterial activity without antibiotic was low, confirmed by high MIC/MBC, and a no inhibition on agar lawns. However, VDAM with antibiotic demonstrated effective antibacterial capacity against all bacteria. Therefore, antibiotic decontamination is a reliable method for sterilisation of AM and the resultant antibiotic reservoir is effective against gram-positive and -negative bacteria.