Combinatorial optimality of functional groups, process parameters, and Pd(II) adsorption-desorption characteristics for commercial anion exchange resins-synthetic electroless plating systems.

Considering combinatorial optimality of functional group analysis, speciation, solution chemistry complexity, Pd(II) adsorption-desorption characteristics, this article addresses the competence and efficacy of anion exchange resins namely Amberlite IRA958, Dowex Marathon MSA, Lewatit TP214, and Amberlyst A21 commercial resins. Based on preliminary batch adsorption experiments conducted in the range of 2-10 pH, 0.2-2 g L-1 adsorbent dosage, and 5-1080-min contact time, the optimal adsorption process parameters refer to 4 pH, 1.6, and 1.4 g L-1 adsorbent dosage, and 840- and 720-min contact time for Amberlite IRA958 and Dowex Marathon MSA resins, respectively. Among alternate models, the best-fit models refer to the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models to represent Pd(II) adsorption data obtained for both Dowex Marathon MSA and Amberlite IRA958 resins. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was evaluated to be 185.16 and 166.67 mg g-1 for Dowex Marathon MSA and Amberlite IRA958 resins, respectively. For model electroless plating solutions as adsorbate system possessing desired solution chemistry complexity and resin cost, nitrogen- and oxygen-containing Amberlyst A21 resin is concluded to be optimal resin. This is not in agreement with the generalized rule of thumb that considers sulfur-nitrogen functional group containing commercial resins to be effective than resins with nitrogen-oxygen functional groups. Due to functional group interactions with the noble metal, no other by-products or exchanged chemicals have been produced in due course of Pd(II) adsorption process, which can be also regarded as an added advantage of the process. Graphical abstract.

Role of EDTA on the Pd(II) adsorption characteristics of chitosan cross-linked 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol derivative from synthetic electroless plating solutions.

This article targets the efficacy of chitosan cross-linked 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol derivative for the recovery of Pd from synthetic electroless plating solutions (ELP) whose solution chemistry complexity is brought forward with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)). Batch adsorption characteristics of the resin were investigated in the parametric range of 2-10 pH, 0.2-2 g L-1 adsorbent dosage, 5-1080 min contact time, 50-300 mg L-1 Pd concentration and 25-60 °C operating temperature. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic model fitness studies were also considered. Pd(II) adsorption characteristics were determined using NaOH, KOH and HCl solutions with variant eluent concentrations (0.1-2 N). The solution chemistry complexity has been evaluated to have profound impact in detrimentally influencing Pd sorption characteristics of the CH-AZ resin. The resin has been characterized to be highly effective for Pd removal from synthetic ELP solutions but with moderate efficacy towards the noble metal recovery and reuse.

Pd(II) adsorption characteristics of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan copolymer resin.

Deliberating upon the role of solution chemistry in influencing the Pd(II) adsorption and desorption characteristics using chitosan based resins, this work addresses the competence of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan (GCC) co-polymer resin for the removal and recovery of Pd(II) from synthetic electroless plating solutions. GCC copolymer adsorbent was prepared by grafting of fixed weight ratio (1/17) of medium molecular weight chitosan and glutaraldehyde (25% in H2O). Within the adsorption parametric range of 2-10pH, 60-300min contact time, 10-50mg adsorbent dosage and 50-500mg/L initial Pd(II) concentration, the solution chemistry associated to synthetic ELP solution has been evaluated to strongly reduce the adsorption capacity of the GCC resin. Batch equilibrium adsorption studies inferred upon the fitness of Langmuir isotherm with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 166.67mg/g. Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parametric evaluations affirmed pseudo-second-order kinetics and spontaneous exothermic Pd(II) adsorption on the resin. Further, speciation analysis provided valuable insights by indicating greater favourability of Pd(NH3)42+ species (at pH=8) than PdEDTA-2 (at lower pH) to foster chemisorption with the GCC resin. In summary, the observations affirmed that solution chemistry needs to be addressed in laboratory investigations to further industrial application and competitiveness of alternate resins.