Should Enteroviruses Be Monitored in Natural Recreational Waters?

Enteroviruses (EVs) infections occur worldwide. Although, infections by these viruses are often asymptomatic and go unnoticed, they can be shed in stool for several weeks. The EVs are associated with sporadic outbreaks and a wide range of clinical symptoms, occasionally accompanied with fatal consequences. Presently in the Slovak Republic (SR) recreational waters are tested only for bacterial indicators. Our aim was to monitor EVs in recreational waters. Water samples were collected during the years 2012-2014 from different recreational natural lakes in Central and West regions of SR. The samples were concentrated by centrifugation using the two-phase separation method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) used for EVs surveillance in the treated sewage waste water. Each of the two phases collected from the samples was analysed by polymerase chain reaction for detection of EVs and primary sequencing was done. Our study demonstrated presence of EVs in three localities consecutively for three years, indicating a probability of constant local source of faecal contamination. This is the first monitoring report on the occurrence of EVs in the natural recreational waters in SR.

Morphological, physiological and molecular biological characterisation of isolates from first cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Slovakia.

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a relatively rare disease worldwide. Over the past 10 years, five cases of AK were reported in Slovakia. Four preserved Slovak strains and one strain from the Czech Republic isolated from corneal scrapes of patients with AK are characterised in this study. Genotype identification of isolates is based on sequences of the PCR amplimer GTSA.B1 amplified from 18S ribosomal DNA. A strain isolated from the first patient in 1999 was classified as a rare sequence type T15. This is just the second report in which genotype T15 has been associated with AK. The other three Slovak strains were identified as belonging to the most common genotype T4. The only strain originating from the Czech Republic was classified as sporadically appearing sequence type T3. All isolates were also studied for their temperature tolerance and growth characteristics. The cythopatic effect was tested in vitro on Vero cell cultures.