ABSTRACT
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising carbonaceous nanomaterials fortuitously discovered in 2004. CQDs are the rising stars in the nanotechnology ensemble because of their unique properties and widespread applications in sensing, imaging, medicine, catalysis, and optoelectronics. CQDs are notable for their excellent solubility and effective luminescence and, as a result, they are also known as carbon nanolights. Many strategies are used for the efficient and economical preparation of CQDs; however, CQDs prepared from waste or green sustainable methods have greater requirements due to their safety and ease of synthesis. Sustainable chemical strategies for CQDs have been developed, emphasizing green synthetic methodologies based on 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches. This review summarizes many such studies relevant to the development of sustainable methods for photoluminescent CQDs. Furthermore, we have emphasized recent advances in CQDs' photoluminescence applications in chemical and biological fields. Finally, a brief overview of synthetic processes using the green source and their associated applications are tabulated, providing a clear understanding of the new optoelectronic materials.
Subject(s)
Quantum Dots , Quantum Dots/chemistry , Carbon/chemistry , Luminescence , CatalysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Catechins and epicatechins are monomers of naturally occurring proanthocyanidins, which have been reported with free radical scavenging, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, and vasodilatory properties. Plant parts rich in proanthocyanidins have been used for years in treatment of various ano-rectal diseases. This study compares the efficacy of two herbal preparations, Daflon(®) 500 mg and Roidosanal(®), in ameliorating the signs and symptoms associated with hemorrhoids. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and to compare the efficacy of a herbal preparation, Roidosanal(®) versus Daflon(®) 500 mg, on signs and symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pilot, active controlled, open-labeled multicentre study, 73 patients with proctoscopy proven hemorrhoids (Grade I to III) were randomly assigned to receive either Roidosanal(®) (Gr R; n = 37) or Daflon(®) 500 mg (Gr D; n = 36), for 15 days, at three centers in India. Assessment of hemorrhoidal symptoms was carried out in all patients at different time points. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed for both primary and secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Both products were found to be equally effective in improving the ano-rectal conditions in Grade I and Grade II hemorrhoids; however, Roidosanal(®) demonstrated better efficacy in patients with Grade III hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids associated symptoms like bleeding, pain, etc., improved in both groups, although intergroup comparisons were comparable. CONCLUSION: Both Roidosanal(®) and Daflon(®) 500 mg were equally effective in resolving signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids. Roidosanal(®) can be tried as a safe and effective treatment option for treatment of hemorrhoids. Further randomized, double-blind and large multicentre studies are recommended.
