Resveratrol as a Promising Nutraceutical: Implications in Gut Microbiota Modulation, Inflammatory Disorders, and Colorectal Cancer.

Natural products have been a long-standing source for exploring health-beneficial components from time immemorial. Modern science has had a renewed interest in natural-products-based drug discovery. The quest for new potential secondary metabolites or exploring enhanced activities for existing molecules remains a pertinent topic for research. Resveratrol belongs to the stilbenoid polyphenols group that encompasses two phenol rings linked by ethylene bonds. Several plant species and foods, including grape skin and seeds, are the primary source of this compound. Resveratrol is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory properties. Among the notable bioactivities associated with resveratrol, its pivotal role in safeguarding the intestinal barrier is highlighted for its capacity to prevent intestinal inflammation and regulate the gut microbiome. A better understanding of how oxidative stress can be controlled using resveratrol and its capability to protect the intestinal barrier from a gut microbiome perspective can shed more light on associated physiological conditions. Additionally, resveratrol exhibits antitumor activity, proving its potential for cancer treatment and prevention. Moreover, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic, and neuroprotective benefits have also been reported. The pharmaceutical industry continues to encounter difficulties administering resveratrol owing to its inadequate bioavailability and poor solubility, which must be addressed simultaneously. This report summarizes the currently available literature unveiling the pharmacological effects of resveratrol.

Independent component analysis reveals 49 independently modulated gene sets within the global transcriptional regulatory architecture of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii causes severe infections in humans, resists multiple antibiotics, and survives in stressful environmental conditions due to modulations of its complex transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). Unfortunately, our global understanding of the TRN in this emerging opportunistic pathogen is limited. Here, we apply independent component analysis, an unsupervised machine learning method, to a compendium of 139 RNA-seq data sets of three multidrug-resistant A. baumannii international clonal complex I strains (AB5075, AYE, and AB0057). This analysis allows us to define 49 independently modulated gene sets, which we call iModulons. Analysis of the identified A. baumannii iModulons reveals validating parallels to previously defined biological operons/regulons and provides a framework for defining unknown regulons. By utilizing the iModulons, we uncover potential mechanisms for a RpoS-independent general stress response, define global stress-virulence trade-offs, and identify conditions that may induce plasmid-borne multidrug resistance. The iModulons provide a model of the TRN that emphasizes the importance of transcriptional regulation of virulence phenotypes in A. baumannii. Furthermore, they suggest the possibility of future interventions to guide gene expression toward diminished pathogenic potential.IMPORTANCEThe rise in hospital outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections underscores the urgent need for alternatives to traditional broad-spectrum antibiotic therapies. The success of A. baumannii as a significant nosocomial pathogen is largely attributed to its ability to resist antibiotics and survive environmental stressors. However, there is limited literature available on the global, complex regulatory circuitry that shapes these phenotypes. Computational tools that can assist in the elucidation of A. baumannii's transcriptional regulatory network architecture can provide much-needed context for a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis and virulence, as well as for the development of targeted therapies that modulate these pathways.

Comparative molecular profiling of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa identifies novel mutations in regional clinical isolates from South India.

Objectives: We sought to analyse the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and molecular epidemiology of MDR clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from South India using non-MDR isolates as a reference. Methods: We established a comprehensive clinical strain library consisting of 58 isolates collected from patients across the South Indian state of Kerala from March 2017 to July 2019. The strains were subject to antibiotic susceptibility testing, modified carbapenem inactivation method assay for carbapenemase production, PCR sequencing, comparative sequence analysis and quantitative PCR of MDR determinants associated with antibiotic efflux pump systems, fluoroquinolone resistance and carbapenem resistance. We performed in silico modelling of MDR-specific SNPs. Results: Of our collection of South Indian P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, 74.1% were MDR and 55.8% were resistant to the entire panel of antibiotics tested. All MDR isolates were resistant to levofloxacin and 93% were resistant to meropenem. We identified seven distinct, MDR-specific mutations in nalD, three of which are novel. mexA was significantly overexpressed in strains that were resistant to the entire test antibiotic panel while gyrA and gyrB were overexpressed in MDR isolates. Mutations in fluoroquinolone determinants were significantly associated with MDR phenotype and a novel GyrA Y100C substitution was observed. Carbapenem resistance in MDR isolates was associated with loss-of-function mutations in oprD and high prevalence of NDM (blaNDM-1) within our sample. Conclusions: This study provides insight into MDR mechanisms adopted by P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, which may guide the potential development of therapeutic regimens to improve clinical outcomes.

Mitigation of biogenic methanethiol using bacteriophages in synthetic wastewater augmented with Pseudomonas putida.

Wastewater malodour is the proverbial 'elephant in the room' notwithstanding its severe implications on sanitation, health, and hygiene. The predominant malodorous compounds associated with wastewater treatment plants and toilets are volatile organic compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, methanethiol, and organic acids. Among them, methanethiol warrants more attention owing to its relatively low olfactory threshold and associated cytotoxicity. This requires an efficient odour-abatement method since conventional techniques are either cost-prohibitive or leave recalcitrant byproducts. Bacteriophage-based methodology holds promise, and the described work explores the potential. In this study, a non-lysogenous Pseudomonas putida strain is used as a model organism that produces methanethiol in the presence of methionine. Two double-stranded DNA phages of genome sizes > 10 Kb were isolated from sewage. ɸPh_PP01 and ɸPh_PP02 were stable at suboptimal pH, temperature, and at 10% chloroform. Moreover, they showed adsorption efficiencies of 53% and 89% in 12 min and burst sizes of 507 ± 187 and 105 ± 7 virions per cell, respectively. In augmented synthetic wastewater, ɸPh_PP01 and ɸPh_PP02 reduced methanethiol production by 52% and 47%, respectively, with the concomitant reduction in P. putida by 3 logs in 6 h. On extension of the study in P. putida spiked-sewage sample, maximum reduction in methanethiol production was achieved in 3 h, with 49% and 48% for ɸPh_PP01 and ɸPh_PP02, respectively. But at 6 h, efficiency reduced to 36% with both the phages. The study clearly demonstrates the potential of phages as biocontrol agents in the reduction of malodour in wastewater.

Zirconium copper oxide microflowers based non-enzymatic screen-printed electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose in saliva, urine, and blood serum.

Zirconium copper oxide microflowers (Zr/CuO MF) based non-enzymatic sensor was developed for glucose detection in saliva, urine, and blood. An easy urea hydrolysis method was employed for the synthesis of the metal oxide and further calcined to improve the catalytic property. The flower-like morphology of the Zr/CuO was confirmed by SEM analysis and the presence of copper and zirconium was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The Zr/CuO MF modified screen-printed electrodes exhibited excellent glucose sensing performance in 0.15 M NaOH medium and could quantify glucose in the range from 10 µM to 27 mM. A high sensitivity of 1.815 ± 0.003 mA mM-1 cm-2 was obtained for lower glucose concentration from 15 µM to 3 mM and 1.250 ± 0.006 mA mM-1 cm-2 for higher concentration glucose from 3 to 27 mM. The limit of detection of the fabricated sensor was found to be 0.8 µM. The sensor displayed high selectivity and stability towards glucose in different body fluids like saliva, urine, and blood serum at a working potential of 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In saliva, urine, and serum samples, the sensor exhibited excellent recovery of 95-108, 92-108, and 93-101% in saliva, urine, and serum, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability of the sensor. The developed sensor is promising for developing an invasive and non-invasive point-of-care testing device for glucose detection.

Corrigendum: Paraptosis: a unique cell death mode for targeting cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159409.].

Paraptosis: a unique cell death mode for targeting cancer.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is the universal process that maintains cellular homeostasis and regulates all living systems' development, health and disease. Out of all, apoptosis is one of the major PCDs that was found to play a crucial role in many disease conditions, including cancer. The cancer cells acquire the ability to escape apoptotic cell death, thereby increasing their resistance towards current therapies. This issue has led to the need to search for alternate forms of programmed cell death mechanisms. Paraptosis is an alternative cell death pathway characterized by vacuolation and damage to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Many natural compounds and metallic complexes have been reported to induce paraptosis in cancer cell lines. Since the morphological and biochemical features of paraptosis are much different from apoptosis and other alternate PCDs, it is crucial to understand the different modulators governing it. In this review, we have highlighted the factors that trigger paraptosis and the role of specific modulators in mediating this alternative cell death pathway. Recent findings include the role of paraptosis in inducing anti-tumour T-cell immunity and other immunogenic responses against cancer. A significant role played by paraptosis in cancer has also scaled its importance in knowing its mechanism. The study of paraptosis in xenograft mice, zebrafish model, 3D cultures, and novel paraptosis-based prognostic model for low-grade glioma patients have led to the broad aspect and its potential involvement in the field of cancer therapy. The co-occurrence of different modes of cell death with photodynamic therapy and other combinatorial treatments in the tumour microenvironment are also summarized here. Finally, the growth, challenges, and future perspectives of paraptosis research in cancer are discussed in this review. Understanding this unique PCD pathway would help to develop potential therapy and combat chemo-resistance in various cancer.

Inferring Recombination Events in SARS-CoV-2 Variants In Silico.

Over the last 34 months, at least 10 severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) distinct variants have evolved. Among these, some were more infectious while others were not. These variants may serve as candidates for identification of the signature sequences linked to infectivity and viral transgressions. Based on our previous hijacking and transgression hypothesis, we aimed to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 sequences associated with infectivity and trespassing of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) provide a possible recombination mechanism to drive the formation of new variants. This work involved a sequence and structure-based approach to screen SARS-CoV-2 variants in silico, taking into account effects of glycosylation and links to known lncRNAs. Taken together, the findings suggest that transgressions involving lncRNAs may be linked with changes in SARS-CoV-2-host interactions driven by glycosylation events.

Harnessing the probiotic properties and immunomodulatory effects of fermented food-derived Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains: implications for environmental enteropathy.

Introduction: Environmental enteropathy (EE), a chronic small intestine disease characterized by gut inflammation, is widely prevalent in low-income countries and is hypothesized to be caused by continuous exposure to fecal contamination. Targeted nutritional interventions using potential probiotic strains from fermented foods can be an effective strategy to inhibit enteric pathogens and prevent chronic gut inflammation. Methods: We isolated potential strains from fermented rice water and lemon pickle and investigated their cell surface properties, antagonistic properties, adhesion to HT-29 cells, and inhibition of pathogen adherence to HT-29 cells. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) were purified, and in vivo, survival studies in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Salmonella enterica MW116733 were performed. We further checked the expression pattern of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL8, and IL-10) in HT-29 cells supplemented with strains. Results: The strains isolated from rice water (RS) and lemon pickle (T1) were identified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum MN410703 and MN410702, respectively. Strains showed probiotic properties like tolerance to low pH (pH 3.0), bile salts up to 0.5%, simulated gastric juice at low pH, and binding to extracellular matrix molecules. Auto-aggregation of T1 was in the range of 85% and significantly co-aggregated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. enterica, and Escherichia coli at 48, 79, and 65%, respectively. Both strains had a higher binding affinity to gelatin and heparin compared to Bacillus clausii. Susceptibility to most aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, and macrolide classes of antibiotics was also observed. RS showed BLIS activity against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. enterica at 60, 48, and 30%, respectively, and the protective effects of BLIS from RS in the C. elegans infection model demonstrated a 70% survival rate of the worms infected with S. enterica. RS and T1 demonstrated binding efficiency to HT-29 cell lines in the 38-46% range, and both strains inhibited the adhesion of E. coli MDR and S. enterica. Upregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 and the downregulation of IL-8 were observed when HT-29 cells were treated with RS, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of the strain. Discussion: The potential strains identified could effectively inhibit enteric pathogens and prevent environmental enteropathy.

Design and genome engineering of microbial cell factories for efficient conversion of lignocellulose to fuel.

The gradually increasing need for fossil fuels demands renewable biofuel substitutes. This has fascinated an increasing investigation to design innovative energy fuels that have comparable Physico-chemical and combustion characteristics with fossil-derived fuels. The efficient microbes for bioenergy synthesis desire the proficiency to consume a large quantity of carbon substrate, transfer various carbohydrates through efficient metabolic pathways, capability to withstand inhibitory components and other degradation compounds, and improve metabolic fluxes to synthesize target compounds. Metabolically engineered microbes could be an efficient methodology for synthesizing biofuel from cellulosic biomass by cautiously manipulating enzymes and metabolic pathways. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on the trends and advances in metabolic and genetic engineering technologies for advanced biofuel synthesis by applying various heterologous hosts. Probable technologies include enzyme engineering, heterologous expression of multiple genes, CRISPR-Cas technologies for genome editing, and cell surface display.

A paper-based point-of-care testing device for the colourimetric estimation of bilirubin in blood sample.

A paper-based colourimetric assay for the Point-of-Care Testing (PoCT) of bilirubin has been developed based on the formation of a green-coloured copper-bilirubin complex from a blue-coloured tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate complex. The reaction was studied and optimized by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and translated onto a paper strip. Hydrophobic circular well patterns on Whatman chromatography paper were created by wax printing. The tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate complex was drop cast and dried on the reagent zones in the wax-patterned paper. The images of reagent zones captured using a scanner were analyzed using ImageJ software. Bilirubin spiked blood serum was tested in the concentration range of 1.2 to 950 µM. The PAD exhibited sensitivities of 0.4197 a.u/µM and 0.1040 a.u/µM for concentration ranges of bilirubin 1.2 to 96 µM and 105 to 950 µM respectively and a low detection limit of 0.799 µM. The method is highly selective to bilirubin, even in the presence of other biomarkers in serum. A plasma separation membrane incorporated PAD was fabricated for the final testing and quantification of bilirubin from whole blood.

A novel and improved selective media for the isolation and enumeration of Klebsiella species.

Bacterial pathogens are fostered in and transmitted through wastewater. Hence, monitoring their impact on sanitation and hygiene is imperative. As part of the monitoring process, culture-based methodologies are primarily used, which centre on the use of selective and differential media. Media available today are, at best, difficult to formulate and, at worst, prohibitively expensive. To address this lacuna, the study proposes a selective and differential medium for Klebsiella spp. Klebsiella blue agar (KBA) is completely selective against selected gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus) and a few gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanii, Serratia marcescens). On the other hand, it supports the growth of the chosen members of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species-complex with a characteristic green colouration. Methylene blue, tryptophan, and bile salt make up the selective components of KBA. Moreover, methylene blue, 0.6% NaCl, and glycerol render it differential. KBA was more selective than HiCrome™ Klebsiella Selective Agar Base (KSA) in replica plating experiments. KBA promoted only 157 CFUs against 209 CFUs in KSA when stamped with 253 CFUs grown on LB. The colonies so isolated were predominantly Klebsiella spp., on identification through colony polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the differential nature of KBA distinguished Klebsiella aerogenes from other species. On the contrary, KSA lodged colonies indistinguishable from each other and Klebsiella spp. Due to its ease of formulation, high selectivity, differential nature, and cost-effective composition, KBA is a viable option for the routine culture of Klebsiella spp. in environmental and clinical settings. KEY POINTS: • Formulated a novel selective and differential media for Klebsiella spp., named Klebsiella Blue agar • Facile formulation methodology • Can be employed to isolate Klebsiella spp. from complex sources such as wastewater.

Escherichia coli ST155 as a production-host of three different polyvalent phages and their characterisation with a prospect for wastewater disinfection.

Bacteriophages are generally specific, and a cocktail of phages is needed to combat different bacterial targets. Their production usually requires pathogenic isolation hosts. We identified a novel strain, Escherichia coli ST155, that could serve as a production host for three different polyvalent phages (ϕPh_SE03, ϕPh_SD01, and ϕPh_EC01), thus superseding the use of individual isolation hosts. Upon propagation in E. coli ST155, the phages demonstrated differential intergeneric infectivity against Salmonella enterica, E. coli OP50, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli MDR, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Phages were characterised based on morphology, latent period, burst size, the efficiency of plating, and restriction enzyme profile. Survival assay on Caenorhabditis elegans, the absence of Shiga toxin, and enterotoxigenic E. coli virulence genes indicated that E. coli ST155 could be non-pathogenic. Lack of antibiotic resistance and absence of functional prophages rendered the host suitable for environmental applications. As a proof-of-concept, phage ϕPh_SE03 was produced in ST155 by employing a unique Bacteriophage Amplification Reactor-Lytics Broadcasting System and was simultaneously disseminated into S. enterica augmented wastewater, which resulted in a 3-log reduction in 24 h. The study establishes the potential of E. coli ST155 as a phage production host thereby minimising the possibility of accidental release of pathogenic hosts into wastewater.

Inferring bona fide Differentially Expressed Genes and Their Variants Associated with Vitamin K Deficiency Using a Systems Genetics Approach.

Systems genetics is key for integrating a large number of variants associated with diseases. Vitamin K (VK) is one of the scarcely studied disease conditions. In this work, we ascertained the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and variants associated with individual subpopulations of VK disease phenotypes, viz., myocardial infarction, renal failure and prostate cancer. We sought to ask whether or not any DEGs harbor pathogenic variants common in these conditions, attempt to bridge the gap in finding characteristic biomarkers and discuss the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biogenesis of VK deficiencies.

Increased Innate Immune Susceptibility in Hyperpigmented Bacteriophage-Resistant Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is an alternative to traditional antibiotic treatments that is particularly important for multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Unfortunately, phage resistance commonly arises during treatment as bacteria evolve to survive phage predation. During in vitro phage treatment of a P. aeruginosa-type strain, we observed the emergence of phage-resistant mutants with brown pigmentation that was indicative of pyomelanin. As increased pyomelanin (due to hmgA gene mutation) was recently associated with enhanced resistance to hydrogen peroxide and persistence in experimental lung infection, we questioned if therapeutic phage applications could inadvertently select for hypervirulent populations. Pyomelanogenic phage-resistant mutants of P. aeruginosa PAO1 were selected for upon treatment with three distinct phages. Phage-resistant pyomelanogenic mutants did not possess increased survival of pyomelanogenic ΔhmgA in hydrogen peroxide. At the genomic level, large (~300 kb) deletions in the phage-resistant mutants resulted in the loss of ≥227 genes, many of which had roles in survival, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Phage-resistant pyomelanogenic mutants were hypersusceptible to cationic peptides LL-37 and colistin and were more easily cleared in human whole blood, serum, and a murine infection model. Our findings suggest that hyperpigmented phage-resistant mutants that may arise during phage therapy are markedly less virulent than their predecessors due to large genomic deletions. Thus, their existence does not present a contraindication to using anti-pseudomonal phage therapy, especially considering that these mutants develop drug susceptibility to the familiar FDA-approved antibiotic, colistin.

Lytics broadcasting system: A novel approach to disseminate bacteriophages for disinfection and biogenic hydrogen sulphide removal tested in synthetic sewage.

Owing to their selective nature, bacteriophages are prospective in targeted wastewater disinfection. Other potential applications include the removal of biogenic malodour and the mitigation of corrosion in sewerage pipelines. Nevertheless, its applications are ridden with challenges, the most prominent of which is scaling up. Towards that end, effective methodologies are required for dispersing phages into wastewater. The study describes a device arbitrarily named Lytics Broadcasting System. In principle, the device contains phages that can be continuously dispersed into wastewater. The modified version is called Bacteriophage Amplification Reactor, which operates with both phages and their respective hosts, ensuring continual production and dissemination of phages. Both prototypes utilize 0.22 µm cellulose membranes as an interface through which phage diffuse passively and selectively owing to its smaller size and established through membrane-overlay method. In the study, previously reported bacteriophage φPh_Se01 and Salmonella enterica were used. A reduction of 3-4 log was achieved with both the prototypes after 48 h of operation in 1 L of augmented synthetic sewage. Subsequently, the biogenic H2S produced by Salmonella enterica was reduced by 64-74% indicating its utility for targeted disinfection and malodour mitigation of wastewater. This study aims to provide a framework for the development of scalable prototypes of Lytic Broadcasting Systems for real-world wastewater applications.

Systematic understanding of anti-tumor mechanisms of Tamarixetin through network and experimental analyses.

Tamarixetin, a flavonoid derived from Quercetin, was shown to possess anti-cancer properties in various types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action of this compound is not well understood. Observations from reverse docking and network pharmacology analysis, were validated by cell based studies to analyse the chemotherapeutic potential and elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of Tamarixetin in breast cancer. In silico analysis using reverse docking and PPI analysis clearly indicated that out of 35 proteins targeted by Tamarixetin, the top 3 hub genes, namely, AKT1, ESR1 and HSP90AA1, were upregulated in breast tumor tissues and more importantly showed strong negative correlation to breast cancer patient survival. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment of target proteins of Tamarixetin in 33 pathways which are mainly involved in neoplastic signalling. In vitro cell-based studies demonstrated that Tamarixetin could inhibit cell proliferation, induce ROS and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell death. Tamarixetin induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and inhibited the migration as well as the invasion of breast cancer cells. Taken together, the combination of in silico and in vitro approaches used in the present study clearly provides evidence for the chemotherapeutic potential of Tamarixetin in breast cancer.

Synergistic Effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum ASBT-2 with Oxyresveratrol Isolated from Coconut Shell Waste.

Value-added phytochemicals from food by-products and waste materials have gained much interest and among them, dietary polyphenolic compounds with potential biological properties extend a promising sustainable approach. Oxyresveratrol (Oxy), a stilbenoid polyphenol, possesses great therapeutic potential, though its pharmacokinetic issues need attention. A good source of oxyresveratrol was found in underutilized coconut shells and the synbiotic applications of the compound in combination with a potential probiotic isolate Limosilactobacillus fermentum ASBT-2 was investigated. The compound showed lower inhibitory effects on the strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 µg/mL. Oxyresveratrol at sub-MIC concentrations (500 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL) enhanced the probiotic properties without exerting any inhibitory effects on the strain. The combination at sub- MIC concentration of the compound inhibited Salmonella enterica and in silico approaches were employed to elucidate the possible mode of action of oxy on the pathogen. Thus, the combination could target pathogens in the gut without exerting negative impacts on growth of beneficial strains. This approach could be a novel perspective to address the poor pharmacokinetic properties of the compound.

Development of a paper-based analytical device for the colourimetric detection of alanine transaminase and the application of deep learning for image analysis.

A paper-based colourimetric assay for the detection of alanine transaminase has been developed. In the presence of alanine transaminase, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine changes to pyruvate hydrazone leading to a colour change from pale yellow to dark yellow. Reaction conditions were optimized using absorption spectroscopic studies. Hydrophobic patterns on the Whatman chromatographic paper were created by wax printing, and the reagents were drop cast at the reagent zone. On the paper device, the intensity of the yellow colour increases with ALT concentration in the range of 20-140 U/L in human serum. For the quantification of ALT, coloured images were captured using a digital camera and were processed with Image J software. The machine learning approach was also explored for the ALT analysis by training with colour images of the paper device and testing using a cross-validation procedure. The results obtained with real clinical samples on the paper device showed good accuracy of less than 5% relative error with the clinical lab results. Furthermore, the paper device shows high selectivity to ALT in the presence of various interfering species in blood serum with a sensitivity of 0.261 a.u/(U/L), a detection limit of 4.12 U/L, and precise results with an RSD of less than 7%. For the testing of whole blood, a plasma separation membrane was integrated with the patterned paper.

A Novel N4-Like Bacteriophage Isolated from a Wastewater Source in South India with Activity against Several Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates.

Multidrug-resistant community-acquired infections caused by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasingly reported in India and other locations globally. Since this organism is ubiquitous in the environment, samples such as sewage and wastewater are rich reservoirs of P. aeruginosa bacteriophages. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel P. aeruginosa N4-like lytic bacteriophage, vB_Pae_AM.P2 (AM.P2), from wastewater in Kerala, India. AM.P2 is a double-stranded DNA podovirus that efficiently lyses the model strain, PAO1, at a multiplicity of infection as low as 0.1 phage per bacterium and resistance frequency of 6.59 × 10-4 Synergy in bactericidal activity was observed between AM.P2 and subinhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Genome sequencing of AM.P2 revealed features similar to those of the N4-like P. aeruginosa phages LUZ7 and KPP21. As judged by two independent assay methods, spot tests and growth inhibition, AM.P2 successfully inhibited the growth of almost 30% of strains from a contemporary collection of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from South India. Thus, AM.P2 may represent an intriguing candidate for inclusion in bacteriophage cocktails developed for various applications, including water decontamination and clinical bacteriophage therapy.IMPORTANCE In India, multidrug resistance determinants are much more abundant in community-associated bacterial pathogens due to the improper treatment of domestic and industrial effluents. In particular, a high bacterial load of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in sewage and water bodies in India is well documented. The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages that could target emerging P. aeruginosa strains, representing possible epicenters for community-acquired infections, could serve as a useful alternative tool for various applications, such as phage therapy and environmental treatment. Continuing to supplement the repertoire of broad-spectrum bacteriophages is an essential tool in confronting this problem.