ABSTRACT
Introduction: Data concerning the relationship between Mental Health Literacy (MHL) and COVID-19 stress are limited. The study explored the relationship between COVID-19-related stress, MHL, and healthy lifestyle and their components. The current study aimed to investigate the moderating role of a healthy lifestyle in the relationship between MHL and COVID-19-related stress among people referring to health complexes in Tabriz. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 1011 people who referred to health complexes in Tabriz were selected using cluster sampling and responded to the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS), Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire (MHKQ), and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. SPSS ver.19 and LISREL ver. 8.5 statistical software is used to classify, process, and analyze data and test research hypotheses. Results: The results indicated that stress caused by COVID-19 has a negative relationship with lifestyle and MHL. The relationship between lifestyle and MHL was positive, and it has the positive effect on a healthy lifestyle (with a standardized coefficient of 0.23). In addition, MHL had a negative effect on the stress related to the coronavirus (with a standard coefficient of -0.22), and the relationship between a healthy lifestyle was also negative on the stress related to the coronavirus (with a standard coefficient of -0.20). The evaluation of the hypothetical research model using fit indices showed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.97, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.95, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.055). All the comparative indices as well as the comparative fit index were found to be close to one and greater than 0.90. Conclusion: This study highlights that healthcare providers must develop effective preventive and therapeutic interventions to deal with COVID-19-related stress and pay attention to the issue of increasing the level of MHL during international crises taking into consideration the moderating role of a healthy lifestyle, and develop educational and treatment programs.
ABSTRACT
Opioid neurotransmitters play a modulatory role in learning and memory processing. Their levels fluctuate throughout the reproductive cycle. The purpose of this research described herein was to study the effects of an exogenous opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, on spatial learning and memory during the estrous cycle in female rats. Proestrus and estrus female rats were trained in a Y-maze. After a 4-hour delay, spatial recognition memory was assessed. The rats were administered naloxone (2 mg/kg) or saline before training, after training or before the retention test. The administration of naloxone to the estrus and proestrus rats before and after training had no significant effects on their preference for the novel arm of the Y-maze. Injection of naloxone to estrus rats before the retention test enhanced their preference for the novel arm of the Y-maze, whereas, in the case of the proestrus rats, naloxone decreased their preference for the novel arm. Therefore, it can be concluded that naloxone enhances the retrieval of spatial recognition memory in the estrus phase rat, but that it impairs retrieval in the proestrus phase rat. This finding indicates that there is an interaction between ovarian hormone levels and opioids in cognitive function, so that naloxone prevents the facilitatory role of ovarian hormones in the retrieval of spatial memory.
