ABSTRACT
The protective role of astaxanthin nanoparticles (Ast NPs, 25 mg/kg p.o) against cadmium (Cd, 1 mg/100 g b.w. SC), a known inductor of lipid peroxidation and changes in the antioxidant defense system in the Ross 308 breeder roosters sperm, was examined. Sperm motility (computer-assisted sperm motility analysis), membrane integrity (hypoosmotic swelling test), viability, total abnormality, and enzymatic parameters were assessed after thawing. The testis/body weight (mg/kg) ratio and HE staining results of testis were also performed. The obtained results showed that Cd induced detrimental effects on testis and sperm, while Cd treated by Ast NPs (Cd Ast) diminished this change compared to the Cd group. Cd-treated group resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lowest total (37.29 ± 2.46) and progressive (5.84 ± 0.47) motility and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, TAC, and GPx), as well as producing a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in testis weight (mg) compared to the control group. Treatment with Ast NPs (Ast NPs + Cd) had reversed Cd-induced changes in the antioxidant defense system and significantly prevented Cd-induced testis damage. In conclusion, the results of our work suggest that Ast NPs at 25 mg/kg act as a potent antioxidant in protecting rooster testes against oxidative stress induced by Cd.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/toxicity , Chickens , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Survival , Cryopreservation/veterinary , Male , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Organ Size/drug effects , Semen Analysis , Semen Preservation/veterinary , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/enzymology , Testis/drug effects , Xanthophylls/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antioxidants including Achillea millefolium extract (AmE) (n0t1.5: 1.5, n0t3: 3 and n0t4.5: 4.5â¯mg/L) and AmE loaded in nano phytosome (n1t1.5: 1.5, n1t3: 3 and n1t4.5: 4.5â¯mg/L) in the freezing of Ross 308 rooster semen. Sperm motility (CASA), membrane integrity (HOS test), viability, total abnormality and enzymatic parameters (SOD, CAT and GPx) were assessed after thawing. AmE-loaded nano phytosome at a concentration of 3â¯mg/l resulted in significantly (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) higher total motility (MOT) (73.78⯱â¯2.92) and at concentrations of 1.5â¯mg/L and 3â¯mg/L in progressive motility (PROG) (14.12⯱â¯0.38, 16.78⯱â¯0.38) in comparison with the control group (MOT: 58.48⯱â¯2.92; PROG: 9.08⯱â¯0.38). Sperm viability (Vi) was higher (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) in n1t3 (74.62⯱â¯1.55) and membrane integrity (Mi) in n0t3 and n1t3 groups (65.91⯱â¯1.91, 63.73⯱â¯1.91, respectively) compared to the control groups (Vi: 66.85⯱â¯1.55; Mi: 53.18⯱â¯1.91). Moreover, the lowest percentage of MDA was measured in n1t3 group (1.31⯱â¯0.31). There was no significant difference for SOD and CAT values with the use of various extenders. In conclusion, we suggest that AmE loaded in nano phytosome at 3â¯mg/l dose can be added to basic extender for improving rooster sperm motility, viability and oxidative stress values during the freezing procedure.