Quantification of PAHs and chlorinated compounds by novel solid-phase microextraction based on the arrays of tin oxide nanorods.

The results of an innovative study on a new and highly efficient stationary phase based on the SnO2 nanorods coating on fused silica have been reported in this paper. SnO2 nanorods have been grown on fused silica fibers using a hydrothermal process. The extraction properties of the fiber were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) mode coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection for 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene, biphenyl, and acenaphthene. The effect of different variables on extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using Box-Behnken method as experimental design. The variables of interest in the HS-SPME were salt effect, adsorption temperature, extraction, and desorption time. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear up to 10(2)-10(5) ng L(-1) (R(2) > 0.998) with detection limits of 10(-3), 10(-1), and 10 ng L(-1) for acenaphthene, biphenyl, and 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene, respectively. The relative standard deviations for single fiber and fiber to fiber were less than 9.8 and 12.5 %, respectively. The high stability of the SnO2 nanostructure coating is proved at relatively high temperatures (up to 300 °C) with a high extraction capacity and long lifespan (more than 100 times). By applying the proposed technique, promising recoveries (93-98 %) were obtained in the analysis of environmental water samples.

Arrays of SnO2 nanorods as novel solid phase microextraction for trace analysis of antidepressant drugs in body fluids.

The arrays of tin oxide nanorods-solid phase microextraction (ATN-SPME) fibre coupled with the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), citalopram and fluoxetine, in human urine and plasma samples. The variables of interest in the Direct-SPME (D-SPME) were extraction time, pH, ion strength or salt percentage and desorption time of analytes from the fibre. These factors were optimised by using a Box-Behnken design and the response surface equations were developed. The optimal experimental conditions obtained from this statistical evaluation included: the salt percentage (30%, w/v), NaOH volume (6.5 µl from a 1 M solution), extraction time (10 min) and desorption time (30 min) for drugs in the plasma sample and The salt percentage (30%, w/v), NaOH volume (100 µl from a 1 M solution), extraction time (18 min) and desorption time (23 min) for drugs in the urine sample. A satisfactory reproducibility for the extraction from urine and plasma samples (R.S.D.<10%) was obtained. The linearity for urine and plasma ranged from 1 to 5×10(5) ng ml(-1) with a detection limit of 0.2 ng ml(-1) for citalopram and 0.5 ng ml(-1) for fluoxetine, which covered the typical urinary concentrations obtained for citalopram and fluoxetine.

Comparison of ultrasound-assisted emulsification and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction methods for the speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples using low density extraction solvents.

Herein, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) methods based on applying low-density organic solvents have been critically compared for the speciation of inorganic selenium, Se(IV) (selenite) and Se(VI) (selenate) in environmental water samples by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). At pH 2 and T=75°C for 7 min, only Se(IV) was able to form the piazselenol complex with 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. Piazselenol was extracted using an extraction solvent and was injected into a GC-FID instrument for the determination of Se(IV). Conveniently, Se(VI) remained in the aqueous phase. Total inorganic selenium was determined after the reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and prior to the above procedures. The Se(VI) concentration was calculated as the difference between the measured total inorganic selenium and Se(IV) content. The effect of various experimental parameters on the efficiencies of the two methods and their optimum values were studied with the aid of response surface methodology and experimental design. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detections (LODs) for Se(IV) obtained by USAEME-GC-FID and DLLME-GC-FID were 0.05 and 0.11 ng mL(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) for the measurement 10 ng mL(-1) of Se(IV) were 5.32% and 4.57% with the enrichment factors of 2491 and 1129 for USAEME-GC-FID and DLLME-GC-FID, respectively. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of inorganic selenium in different environmental water samples and certified reference material (NIST SRM 1643e).

A new solid phase micro extraction for simultaneous head space extraction of ultra traces of polar and non-polar compounds.

The results of the innovative study on a new stationary phase with high efficiency based on ZnO nano and micro rod coating on fused silica are reported in this paper. ZnO nanorods with a diameter in the range of 70-300 nm and the length of about 500 nm, have been grown on fused silica fibers using a hydrothermal process. The extraction properties of the fiber were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) mode coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) for 1,4-dichloro-nitrobenzene, biphenyl and acenaphthene. The calibration curves were linear up to 10(2)-10(7) ng L(-1) (R(2)>0.995) with detection limits of 10(-3) ng L(-1) for biphenyl and acenaphthene and 10 ng L(-1) for 1,4-dichloro-nitrobenzene. The RSD for single fiber and fiber-to-fiber were less than 7.0 and 11.5%, respectively. The high stability of the ZnO coating is proved at relatively high temperatures (up to 300°C) with a high extraction capacity and long lifespan (more than 100 times). Promising recoveries (91-102%) were obtained in environmental water samples analysis by applying the proposed technique.

Central composite design for the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of fatty acids from Borago officinalis L. flower.

UNLABELLED: In the present study, fatty acids and essential oils of the flower of borage (Borago officinalis L.) were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction under different conditions. The extracts obtained were compared to oils of borage flower oil isolated by hydrodistillation. The obtained oils were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra. The experimental parameters of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were optimized using a central composite design after a full factorial experimental design. Extraction yields based on SFE varied in the range of 0.02% to 1.96% (w/w), and the oil yield based on the hydrodistillation was 0.05% (v/w). The optimum conditions of SFE were obtained at a pressure of 350 atm, a temperature of 65 °C, a methanol modifier volume of 100 µL, and static and dynamic extraction time of 10 min. Main components of the extracts under optimum SFE conditions were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and oleic acid. The results indicated that by using the suitable extraction conditions, SFE is more effective than the conventional hydrodistillation method in the extraction of fatty acids and the preservation of its quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: SFE is a good technique for the extraction of oils from plants. The extraction yields by SFE are more than the conventional method. SFE is used on a large scale for production of essential oils and pharmaceutical products from plants.

Headspace hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for speciation and determination of volatile organic compounds of selenium in environmental and biological samples.

A simple and novel speciation method for the determination of volatile organic compounds of selenium (dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) has been developed using a headspace hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction (HS-HF-LPME) combined with capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The organic solvent impregnated in the pores and filled inside the porous hollow fiber membrane was used as an extraction interface in the HS-HF-LPME of the compounds. The effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using an experimental design. The variables of interest in the HS-HF-LPME were sample volume, extraction time, temperature of sample solution, ionic strength, stirring rate and dwelling time. A Plackett-Burman design was performed for screening in order to determine the significant variables affecting the extraction efficiency. Then, the significant factors were optimized by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and the response surface equations were derived. Under optimum conditions, preconcentration factors up to 1250 and 1170 were achieved for DMSe and DMDSe respectively. The detection limit and relative standard deviation (RSD) (n=5, c=50 µg L(-1)) for DMSe were 65 ng L(-1) and 4.8%, respectively. They were also obtained for DMDSe as 57 ng L(-1) and 3.9%, respectively. The developed technique was found to be applicable to spiked environmental and biological samples.

Speciation and determination of ultra trace amounts of inorganic tellurium in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

A simple and powerful method has been developed for the rapid and selective determination of Te(IV) and Te(VI), employing dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as permanent modifier. Under acidic conditions pH 1, only Te(IV) can form a complex with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and therefore be extracted into fine droplets of carbon tetrachloride (extraction solvent) which are dispersed with ethanol into the water sample solution. After centrifugation, Te(IV) was determined in the sedimented organic phase while Te(VI) remained in the aqueous phase. Total inorganic tellurium was determined after the reduction of the Te(VI) to Te(IV). Te(VI) was calculated as the difference between the measured total inorganic tellurium and Te(IV) content. The effective parameters for improving the efficiency of microextraction process were investigated by using experimental and central composite designs. Under optimal conditions the enrichment factor was 125 and the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.015-1 ng mL(-1) with detection limit and characteristic mass of 0.004 ng mL(-1) and 0.033 pg, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 0.5 ng mL(-1) of tellurium measurement was 3.6% (n=6) at ash and atomization temperature, 900 and 2600 degrees C, respectively. The recoveries of spiked Te(IV) and Te(VI) to the environmental water samples were 89.6-101.3% and 96.6-99.1%, respectively. The accuracy is also evaluated by applying the proposed method to certified reference material (NIST SRM 1643e), for which the result was in a good agreement with the certified values reported for this CRM (95% confidence level).

Simultaneous speciation and preconcentration of ultra traces of inorganic tellurium and selenium in environmental samples by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy determination.

A simple and effective speciation and preconcentration method based on hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) was developed for simultaneous separation of trace inorganic tellurium and selenium in environmental samples prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) determination. The method involves the selective extraction of the Te (IV) and Se (IV) species by HF-LPME with the use of ammonium pyrrolidinecarbodithioate (APDC) as the chelating agent. The complex compounds were extracted into 10 microL of toluene and the solutions were injected into a graphite furnace for the determination of Te (IV) and Se (IV). To determine the total tellurium and selenium in the samples, first Te (VI) and Se (VI) were reduced to Te (IV) and Se (IV), and then the microextraction method was performed. The experimental parameters of HF-LPME were optimized using a central composite design after a 2(n-1) fractional factorial experimental design. Under optimum conditions, enrichment factors of up to 520 and 480 were achieved for Te (IV) and Se (IV), respectively. The detection limits were 4 ng L(-1) with 3.5% RSD (n=5, c=2.0 microg L(-1)) for Te (IV) and 5 ng L(-1) with 3.1% RSD for Se (IV). The applicability of the developed technique was evaluated by application to spiked, environmental water and soil samples.

Preconcentration and determination of ultra-traces of platinum in human serum using the combined electrodeposition-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ED-ETAAS) and chemometric method.

Platinum compounds, including cis-dichlorodiaminoplatinum(II) or cisplatin, are an important class of anti-cancer drugs, which should be carefully monitored in the biological fluids. In this study, electrodeposition coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was used for determination of Pt concentration in the human serum samples. The chemometric techniques were also used to verify the probable interactions among the important and effective parameters in the atomization process. Using response surfaces obtained by two factorial design techniques, the experimental design was applied for three effective parameters namely ashing temperature, atomizing temperature and modifier concentration as effective parameters on the atomization of Pt. The in situ digestions of serum samples, as well as the separation of the ultra-traces of Pt from concomitant in these samples were performed by using the in situ electrodeposition (ED) technique prior to the measurement by ETAAS. Six plasma samples of a patient who was administered parenteral cisplatin were analyzed using the proposed ED-ETAAS technique. The results showed the pharmacokinetic parameters of cisplatin in serum in accordance to the well-established data. A relatively good reproducibility %RSD=2.44, low limit of detection LOD=2.54 microg/L and promising characteristic mass m(o)=91.30 pg were obtained using this technique.

An improved electrochemical method for the synthesis of some benzofuran derivatives.

Electrochemical oxidation of catechol and some 3-substituted catechols (1a--c) has been studied in the presence of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (3) in aqueous solution using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry. The results indicate that the quinones derived from catechols (1a--c) participate in a Michael addition reaction with 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (3) with consumption of only two electrons per molecule of (1a--c) to from the corresponding benzoforans (10a--c). The electrochemical synthesis of benzofurans has been successfully performed at a carbon rod electrode and in an undivided cell with high yields and purity.

Electrochemical oxidation of 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone in the presence of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.

The electrooxidation of 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone (1) has been studied in the presence of 2-phenyl-1,3-indandione (3a), 3-hydroxy-1H-phenalen-1-one (3b), and 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (3c) as CH acid nucleophiles in water/acetonitrile (85/15) solution, using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry. The results indicate that p-benzoquinone, generated by electrochemically driven oxidation of the 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone (1), is scavenged by 3a-c, to give related products (5a, 9b, 8c) via various electrochemical mechanisms. The electrochemical syntheses of 5a, 9b, and 8c have been successfully performed in one-pot in an undivided cell using an environmentally friendly method with high atomic economy.

Analysis of anatoxin-a using polyaniline as a sorbent in solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive method for determining anatoxin-a in aqueous samples was developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. Three forms of polyaniline (PANI) films and a single form of polypyrrole (PPY) film were prepared and applied for SPME. The extraction properties of these films to anatoxin-a were examined and it was shown that leucoemeraldine form of PANI displayed a better selectivity to this compound. SPME conditions were optimized by selecting the appropriate extraction parameters, including type of coating (leucoemeraldine form of PANI at 32 microm thicknesses), salt concentration (10%, w/v), time of extraction (30 min) and stirring rate (1000 rpm). The calibration curve was linear in the range from 50 to 10,000 ng/ml, with the detection limit (S/N = 3) of 11.2 ng/ml. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of anatoxin-a in the cultured media of two species of cyanobacteria.

Monitoring of the fermentation media of citric acid by the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the organic acids formed.

In this approach, a derivatization method is described for monitoring of organic acids in fermentation media without any separation step. The aqueous phase of fermentation media was evaporated and heated in a silylation reagent to form trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The silylated compounds are analyzed by 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 29Si NMR can qualitatively monitor the components produced in the Krebs cycle. Quantification of these compounds is investigated by using selected ion monitoring mode of mass spectrometry. In this mode, mass to charge (m/z) values of their [M - 15]+ ions, which are 465, 275, 247, 221, 335, 251, and 313 of TMS derivatives of citric, alpha-ketoglutaric, succinic, fumaric, l-malic, oxaloacetic, and palmitic (as an internal standard), acids, respectively, are used. The limit of detection and the linear working range for derivatized citric acid were found to be 0.1 mg L(-1) and 10-3 x 10(4) mg L(-1). The relative standard deviation of the method for five replicates was 2.1%. The average recovery efficiency for citric acid added to culture media was approximately 97.2%. Quantitative results of GC-MS are compared with those obtained by an ultraviolet-visible method.

Development of a new microelectrolysis system for in-situ electrodeposition of ultra-traces of gold prior to measurement by ETAAS.

Electrodeposition is known to be suitable for separation and preconcentration of extremely low concentrations of analyte from bulk samples and is instrumentally is very simple. In this approach a new combined system was designed for in-situ electrodeposition of ultratrace levels of gold from micro samples on to a graphite furnace prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Sediment samples were digested and traces of the gold content were extracted with boiling aqua regia. To prevent the highly corrosive effect of aqua regia media, the graphite tube surface was pre-coated by electrodeposition of ppm amounts of Pd prior to sample introduction. Separation of the analyte from the matrix was achieved by electrodeposition of the analyte in situ on the Pd/C surface of the furnace tube. Vanadium was also used as a modifier to stabilize the analyte from decomposition at charring temperatures. By using the proposed microelectrolysis preconcentration technique a considerable improvement in sensitivity and detection limit was achieved compared with conventional ETAAS. Characteristic masses for ED-ETAAS techniques in both nitric acid and aqua regia were reported to be m(o)=4.1 pg, with %RSD=2.9; the calculated LOD was 0.105 ppb, and typical calibration graphs for this element in nitric acid and aqua regia for both techniques were linear up to 70 microg L(-1) with about 99% recovery. Six reference sediments samples were tested by the proposed technique and by the Conv-ETAAS method. The results were in agreement with recommended values (reported by a reference laboratory using UV-visible spectrometry), demonstrating the efficiency of extraction and preconcentration of ultratrace levels of gold.