Contributing factors involved in the safety of elderly people with chronic illness in home healthcare: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients receiving home care are often elderly people with chronic illnesses that increasingly experience patient safety barriers due to special care needs. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to determine the factors involved in the safety of elderly patients with chronic illnesses receiving home care. METHODS: A qualitative study with a conventional content analysis method was conducted in home care agencies of Tehran, Iran from August 2020 to July 2022. For data generation, semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 nurses, 2 nurse assistants, 1 home care inspector (an expert working at the deputy of treatment) and 3 family caregivers. Moreover, four observational sessions were also held. Data analysis was done using the five-step Graneheim and Lundman method. RESULTS: According to the results, the facilitators of the safety of the elderly patients with chronic illnesses included the family's participation, nurse's competence, efficiency of the home care agency management and patient's participation in patient safety. The barriers to patient safety included problems created by the family, nurse's incompetence, inefficiency of the home care agency, patient's prevention of patient safety, home care setting limitations and health system limitations. CONCLUSION: The majority of the factors involved in the safety of elderly patients with chronic diseases receiving home care had dual roles and could serve as a double-edged sword to guarantee or hinder patient safety. Identification of the facilitators and barriers can assist nurses and the healthcare system in planning and implementing patient safety improvement programmes for elderly patients with chronic illnesses.

Patient safety in home health care: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: The home environment is designed for living, not for professional care. For this reason, safe patient care is one of the most important challenges of home health care. Despite abundant research on safe care, there is still little understanding of safety issues in home care. DESIGN: The aim of the present study was to explain the process of safe patient care in home health care. A qualitative, grounded theory study was conducted based on the approach proposed by Corbin & Strauss in 2015. METHOD: In total, 22 interviews were conducted with 16 participants including 9 home care nurses, 2 home care nursing assistants, 1 home care inspector, 1 home care physician and 3 family caregivers in Tehran, Iran. Four observation sessions were conducted in different homes. Purposeful sampling was used followed by theoretical sampling from August 2020-July 2022. Data analysis was carried out based on the approach proposed by Corbin & Strauss in 2015. RESULTS: The results showed that the healthcare members (nurses, family caregivers, patients and home care centers) used the model of safe patient care in home health care based on four assessment methods, i.e. prevention, foresight, establishment of safety and verification. The core variable in this process is foresight-based care. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the key to safe patient care in home health care, which helps to maintain patient safety and prevent threats to safe care, is the foresight of healthcare members, which is essential for identifying threats to safe care considering the many risks of home health care.

Exploring family caregiver challenges in caring for patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units.

Background: Families of individuals hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) with severe illnesses, such as COVID-19, are experiencing a range of physical and emotional stressors. Identifying the challenges faced by family members and providing support to loved ones battling life-threatening diseases can lead to improved treatment and care for the said family members in a healthcare setting. Aim: The current study was conducted to explore and understand the experiences of family caregivers caring for their loved ones battling COVID-19 in an ICU. Methods: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted from January 2021 to February 2022, based on the experiences of 12 family caregivers of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU. Data collection was conducted through purposeful sampling using semi-structured interviews. MAXQDA10 software was used for data management, and conventional content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. Results: The present study conducted interviews with caregivers to understand their experiences while caring for a loved one in an ICU. Three main themes emerged from the analysis of these interviews: hardship of care trajectory, pre-loss mourning, and contributing factors in resolving family health crises. The first theme, the hardship of care trajectories, encompasses categories such as immersion in the unknown, lack of care facilities, negligence in care, neglect of families by healthcare providers, self-ignorance, and perceived stigma. The second these was pre-loss mourning that included some categories such as emotional and psychological turmoil, witnessing the exhaustion of loved ones, separation suffering, the fearing of loss, anticipatory grief, blame related to the disease causative agents, and perceived helplessness and despair. The third theme was contributing factors in resolving family health crises that included categories of the critical role of family caregivers in health engagement, the role of healthcare professionals in health engagement, and the role of interpersonal factors in health engagement. A total of 80 subcategories were also obtained based on the experiences of the family caregivers. Conclusion: This study's findings indicate that families can play an important role in resolving their loved ones' health problems in life-threatening situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, healthcare providers must recognize and prioritize family-based care and trust the families' ability to effectively manage health crises. Healthcare providers should also be attentive to the needs of both the patient and their family members.

"Attempting to protect self and patient": A grounded theory study of error recovery by intensive care nurses.

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the process of error recovery (ER) by nurses in intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: This qualitative study was conducted in 2018-2020 using the grounded theory methodology. METHODS: Participants were 20 staff nurses, head nurses and nursing managers recruited from the ICUs. Sampling was started purposively and continued theoretically. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analysed using the approach proposed by Corbin and Strauss. RESULTS: The findings indicated that nurses' primary concern was for the patient and their own personal/professional identity. Five strategies were found including evaluating situation, identifying error, analysing error and situation, determining the agent for error correction, and reducing error effects. Contextual factors were also highlighted as being important in the error recovery. "Attempting to protect self and patient" was the core category of the study. Nurses' concern about protecting patient life and their own personal/professional identity make them use unprofessional approaches for ER.

Concept analysis of patient safety in home care: a hybrid model.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety in home care is a fundamental and complex concept in nursing. This concept includes a number of challenges in patient care. Studies have shown that there is no clear and uniform definition for this concept. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to analyse patient safety in home care in Iran. METHODS: The study was done using a hybrid model at three phases, including theoretical, field work and the final analysis. We searched valid databases including MEDLIN and CINHAL; electronic references including Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, ProQuest, PubMed and Persian databases including Magiran, IranDoc and SID during 2008-2022, using these Persian and English keywords: Patient Safety, Safety, Home Care Service, Domiciliary Care, Home Care and Home Health Care. A total of 16 articles were searched in the theoretical phase and then analysed by content analysis. In field work phase, nine participants were interviewed (nurse, family and patient) and then the interviews were analysed by the content analysis method. In the final analysis phase, a general analysis of the previous two phases was performed and after determining the attributes, antecedents and consequences, a final definition of patient safety in home care in Iran was presented. FINDINGS: Based on different studies, patient safety in home care is a multifaceted concept, which encompasses physical, mental, social and practical dimensions. Evaluation, prevention, participation and commitment to the safety culture are the core features of this concept. The patient care concept depends on the commitment of the involved participants, adequate resources, environmental conditions, support of the involved centres (home care agency, hospital and the insurance), self-efficacy and the ability of the caregivers (nurses). CONCLUSION: Defining the concept of patient safety in home care provides a basis for the development of a safe patient care system at home. This concept analysis for patient safety in home care could be a guide for future studies.

Challenges of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management From the Perspective of Patients: Conventional Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) face significant challenges in the treatment process, which can have a negative impact on disease management. Proper management of the disease can reduce symptoms and complications, improve glycemic indices, and reduce mortality and readmission. OBJECTIVE: Given the influential role of patients in prevention and self-care, this study was conducted to explore the challenges of diabetes management from the perspective of patients. METHODS: Two rounds of focus group discussions with T2DM patients were conducted. The principal investigator of the study and a research assistant compiled a list of volunteer patients with names and contact information and selected participants based on their medical information. Participants were chosen via a purposive sampling technique. The questions were designed to encourage patients to share their views on how the treatment team communicates and participates in treatment, how they are trained, and the health care system. The discussion continued until data saturation. During 2 rounds of focus group discussions, the voices of the participants were recorded by 2 voice recorders, and one of the team members was a transcriber. After discussion, participant views were transcribed, and common issues were identified, sorted, and reported as categories and subcategories. RESULTS: According to the conventional content analysis, 88 primary codes were extracted from the detailed and in-depth description of the participants. The codes were summarized after repeated readings and classified based on their similarities and semantic relevance. Through analysis and comparison, 4 categories and 7 subcategories were identified: communication challenges (poor medical staff communication, lack of psychological support), challenges to participation in treatment (lack of patient participation), educational challenges (training program bugs, inadequate training), and challenges of the health care system (inefficiency of the care system, caregiver inefficiency). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the treatment team members should pay more attention to the challenges of care and treatment from the perspective of patients with T2DM. Therefore, recommendations for future policies to overcome these obstacles include establishing a multidisciplinary health care team; using trained health care workers to provide organized treatment and care services; holding individual counseling sessions with patients in need of counseling; and providing counseling services, involving patients in the treatment and self-care process, and designing a comprehensive diabetes education program with an emphasis on education. Necessary information should be provided to the patients, and effective communicate should address patient concerns.

Psychometric evaluation of Persian version of Diabetes Acceptance Scale (DAS).

BACKGROUND: Acceptance of diabetes is a psychological adaptation to the potential limitations of the disease. Poor acceptance of diabetes impairs effective self-management of diabetes, leading to worsening metabolic control. This study aimed at determining the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Diabetes Acceptance Scale. METHODS: This cross-sectional methodological study was performed on diabetic patients in Iran in 2021. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic characteristics and Diabetes Acceptance Scale. The questionnaire was translated into Persian through the forward-backward translation method. The face validity and content validity were performed qualitatively and quantitatively. Exploratory (n = 200) and confirmatory (n = 200) factor analysis were performed to evaluate the validity of the structure. Internal consistency and temporal stability were estimated to determine reliability. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis on the polychoric correlation matrix obtained three factors: Rational dealing, Resentment and Avoidance, which explained 68.8% of the total DAS variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 3-fractor model had a good fit to a second independent data set. Finally, Ordinal Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.96, 0.94 and 0.93, respectively for the Rational dealing, Resentment, and Avoidance factor. Also, using intraclass correlation coefficient, the stability of the instrument was 0.97. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, the Persian version of DAS has sufficient validity and reliability to measure the admission of Iranian diabetic patients.

The effects of interactive E-learning on delirium recognition ability and delirium-related strain of care among critical care nurses.

Background: Nursing care for patients with delirium is very complex and stressful and is associated with considerable care strain for nurses. Delirium recognition is the first step to the prevention and management of delirium and reduction of strain of care. Education is one of the strategies for improving nurses' delirium recognition ability. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of interactive E-learning on delirium recognition ability and delirium-related strain of care among critical care nurses. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2019 using a two-group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 98 critical care nurses recruited through a census from two hospitals in Iran. They were non-randomly allocated to an intervention and a control group. Study intervention was an interactive E-learning program with four parts on delirium, its prevention, its treatment, and its diagnostic and screening procedures. The program was uploaded on a website and its link was provided to participants in the intervention group. Before and two months after the intervention, data were collected using the Strain of Care for Delirium Index and five case vignettes. For data analysis, the Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent-sample t, and paired-sample t tests were performed usingthe SPSS software (v. 16.0). Findings: Groups did not significantly differ from each other regarding the pretest mean scores of delirium recognition ability and strain of care. After the intervention, the mean score of delirium recognition ability in the intervention group was significantly greater and the mean score of strain of care was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Interactive E-learning is effective in significantly improving critical care nurses' delirium recognition ability and reducing their strain of care. As nurses' heavy workload and limited free time are among the main barriers to their participation in face-to-face educational programs, interactive E-learning can be used for in-service education.

The effect of pulsatile versus non-pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral oxygenation: A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to compare regional oxygen supply determined by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the course of pulsatile perfusion with non-pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. METHODS: In this prospective randomized single-blinded trial, we enrolled adult subjects aged 18-65 years scheduled for elective valvular heart repair/replacement surgery with non-stenotic carotid arteries, employing a consecutive sampling method. Eligible patients were then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to pulsatile or non-pulsatile perfusion during aortic cross-clamp. The primary outcome was regional cerebral oxygenation monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in each group. RESULTS: Seventy patients were randomly assigned, and each group comprised 35 patients. Mean age was 46.8 and 46.5 years in pulsatile and non-pulsatile groups, respectively. There were no significant between-group differences in regional cerebral oxygen saturation at different time points of cardiopulmonary bypass (p-value for analysis of variance repeated measures: 0.923 and 0.223 for left and right hemispheres, respectively). Moreover, no significant differences in regional cerebral oxygen saturation levels from baseline between pulsatile and non-pulsatile groups at all desired time points for the left (p = 0.51) and right (p = 0.22) hemispheres of the brain were detected. CONCLUSION: Pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass does not offer superior regional cerebral oxygenation measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy than non-pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Nonetheless, the efficacy of pulsatile flow in the subgroup of patients in whom cerebral blood flow is impaired due to carotid artery stenosis needs to be explored and evaluated by this method in future studies.

The effect of a supportive home care program on caregiver burden with stroke patients in Iran: an experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Stroke can impose a heavy burden on caregivers. Caring for stroke patients at home is more challenging than in hospitals with facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a supportive home care program on caregiver burden with stroke patients. METHODS: This was an experimental study. One hundred sixteen caregivers of stroke patients were recruited using convenience sampling from two university-affiliated hospitals in Tehran from June 2019 to February 2020. They were randomly allocated into two groups (supportive home care program and routine hospital education program) using a randomized block design. The supportive home care program included eight educational sessions delivered in the hospital before discharge, and with home visits after hospital discharge. Caregiver burden was measured using Caregiver Burden Inventory. The data were analyzed using independent samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance. RESULTS: Caregiver burden in the routine education group increased significantly after 2 weeks, from 52.27 ± 23.95 to 62.63 ± 22.68. The mean of caregiver burden scores in the supportive home care program decreased from 44.75 ± 17.21 to 40.46 ± 17.28. The difference between the scores of the two groups before the intervention was not significantly different (t = 1.941, df = 114, p = 0.055). There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding caregiver burden scores after the intervention period (η2 = 0.305, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver burden increased significantly after the discharge without proper interventions in the caregivers of stroke patients. Providing support for home care providers can help to decrease or prevent the intensification of caregiver burden.

Factors related to knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses in intensive care unit in the area of pressure ulcer prevention: A multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: As one of the main members of the health team, nurses have an important role in pressure ulcer prevention in health care centers. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses on the prevention of pressure ulcers and their related factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2018. The total number of ICU nurses employed in educational-health centers affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences were examined. Among a total of 328 nurses, 308 questionnaires were completed by the participants. Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Questionnaire, Attitude Toward Pressure Ulcer, and Practice of Pressure Ulcer Prevention questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS software version 16 and independent t-test, Chi-square, Fisher exact, one-way Analysis of variance, and multiple linear regressions tests were used for data analysis. FINDINGS: Based on the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice of the nurses about the pressure ulcer prevention were 63.47 ± 10.31, 39.10 ± 40.22, and 32.03 ± 6.17, respectively. There was a positive and significant relationship between these three variables. Findings revealed that knowledge was increased by 0.051 units, with a one-year increase in work experience of nurses in the ICU. Moreover, women's knowledge and their attitude were higher than those of men as 3.132 and 1.65 units, respectively. Based on the findings, attitude of nurses increased by 0.43 units for an hour of extra work per week. Nurses' attitude score in the General ICU and their practice were higher than scores of other nurses as 2.144 and 2.574 units, respectively. Moreover, practice of nurses increased by 0.162 unit with one-year increase of their age. CONCLUSION: Given the undesirable level of knowledge and attitude and relatively desirable practice of nurses in the field of pressure ulcer prevention and the importance of improving the safety of patients admitted to the ICU, it is suggested that appropriate educational planning be developed to raise the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care providers, especially nurses, in the area of pressure ulcer prevention.

Effect of a Smartphone-Based App on the Quality of Life of Patients With Heart Failure: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure have low quality of life because of physical impairments and advanced clinical symptoms. One of the main goals of caring for patients with heart failure is to improve their quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of a smartphone-based app on the quality of life of patients with heart failure. METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial with a control group was conducted from June to October 2018 in an urban hospital. In this study, 120 patients with heart failure hospitalized in cardiac care units were randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. Besides routine care, patients in the intervention group received a smartphone-based app and used it every day for 3 months. Both the groups completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire before entering the study and at 3 months after entering the study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software V.16. RESULTS: The groups showed statistically significant differences in the mean scores of quality of life and its dimensions after the intervention, thereby indicating a better quality of life in the intervention group (P<.001). The effect size of the intervention on the quality of life was 1.85 (95% CI 1.41-2.3). Moreover, the groups showed statistically significant differences in the changes in the quality of life scores and its dimensions (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a smartphone-based app can improve the quality of life in patients with heart failure. The results of our study recommend that digital apps be used for improving the management of patients with heart failure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017061934647N1; https://www.irct.ir/trial/26434.

Factors behind ethical dilemmas regarding physical restraint for critical care nurses.

BACKGROUND: Physical restraint is among the commonly used methods for ensuring patient safety in intensive care units. However, nurses usually experience ethical dilemmas over using physical restraint because they need to weigh patient autonomy against patient safety. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore factors behind ethical dilemmas for critical care nurses over using physical restraint for patients. DESIGN: This is a qualitative study using conventional content analysis approach, as suggested by Graneheim and Lundman, to analyze the data. METHODS: Seventeen critical care nurses were purposefully recruited from the four intensive care units in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and were concurrently analyzed through conventional content analysis as suggested by Graneheim and Lundman. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran with the code: IR.IUMS.REC.1397.795. Before interviews, participants were provided with explanations about the aim of the study, the confidentiality of the data, their freedom to participate, and the right to withdraw the study, and their free access to the study findings. Finally, their consents were obtained, and interviews were started. RESULTS: Factors behind ethical dilemmas for critical care nurses over using physical restraint were categorized into three main categories, namely the outcomes of using physical restraint, the outcomes of not using physical restraint, and emotional distress for nurses. The outcomes of using physical restraint were categorized into the three subcategories of ensuring patient safety, physical damage to patients, and mental damage to the patient. The outcomes of not using physical restraint fell into two subcategories, namely the risks associated with not using physical restraint and legal problems for nurses. Finally, the two subcategories of the emotional distress for nurses main category were nurses' negative feelings about restraint use and uncertainty over the decision on physical restraint use. CONCLUSION: Decision-making for restraint use is often associated with ethical dilemmas, because nurses need to weight the outcomes of its use against the outcomes of not using it and also consider patient safety and autonomy. Health authorities are recommended to develop clear evidence-based guidelines for restraint use and develop and implement educational and counseling programs for nurses on the principles of ethical nursing practice, patient rights, physical restraint guidelines and protocols, and management of emotional, ethical, and legal problems associated with physical restraint use.

Investigating the Psychosocial Empowerment Interventions through Multimedia Education in Burn Patients.

BACKGROUND: Burns patients often encounter lots of psychological problems affecting all parts of life. This study investigated the psychosocial empowerment interventions through multimedia education in burn patients. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial study undertaken in Shahid Motahari Burn Center in Tehran, Iran in 2016, 50 patients were selected as control and 50 patients as intervention group. The demographic characteristics and the quality of life questionnaires (BSHS-B) were used. Patients in the control group received only routine educational self-care, but the intervention group received routine cares as well as the multimedia trainings. Then, the psychological quality of life was evaluated in both groups before the interventions and after three and six months. RESULTS: Before interventions, the mean of mental dimension in intervention and control groups were 2.08±0.59 and 1.64±0.47, respectively (p<0.001). Three and six months after the intervention, they were 3.37±0.93 and 2.24±0.4, 4.11±0.74 and 2.75±0.58, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The multimedia intervention was shown to be effective in empowering the psychology of burn patients.

Comparison of Single and Combined Effects of Nature Sounds and Foot Sole Reflexology Massage on the Level of Consciousness in Traumatic Comatose Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Consciousness disturbances are the most common posttraumatic complications. The purpose of this study was to compare the single and combined effects of nature sounds and foot sole reflexology massage on level of consciousness in traumatic comatose patients. This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2 teaching hospitals in an urban area of Iran. Samples were 120 traumatic comatose patients who were randomly assigned into control, nature sounds, foot reflexology massage, and nature sounds plus foot sole reflexology massage groups. Patients in all groups received routine care. Interventions were performed twice a day for 2 weeks, each time for 30 minutes. The patients' level of consciousness was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale before, 1 week, and 2 weeks after the intervention. The groups had no significant differences in the mean scores of the consciousness level before, 1 week after, and the last day of the intervention. Also, there was a significant difference in the number of patients who regained full consciousness (P = .001) in the intervention groups compared with the control group. Significant differences in the number of days of consciousness were reported in at least one of the groups compared with other groups (P = .001). This difference was significant in the control group compared with the foot reflexology massage group (P = .032), as well as the nature sounds plus foot sole reflexology massage group (P = .001). Single or combined interventions can increase the level of consciousness in comatose patients and reduce the duration of coma.

Comparison of the effects of inhalation aromatherapy using Damask Rose aroma and the Benson relaxation technique in burn patients: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries are often accompanied by painful and distressing consequences, which can lead to long-term psychological issues. The most common form of anxiety in burn patients is pain anxiety. It is described as the feeling of fear and pain prediction caused by painful procedures. AIM: To compare the effects of inhalation aromatherapy using damask rose aroma and the Benson relaxation technique on pain anxiety in burn patients. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 132 patients hospitalized in Motahari Burn Hospital from October 2017 to March 2018. The subjects were selected using a sequential sampling method. Next, they were randomly allocated by the Permuted block randomization method into four groups of rose aroma (5 drops of 40% rose aroma), the Benson relaxation technique, combined rose aroma-Benson relaxation and control. The interventions were performed for three consecutive days and once a day for 20 min, and each session lasted from 45 to 30 min before the daily dressing change. Data was collected using the Persian version of burn specific pain anxiety scale (BSPAS). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS software version 16. RESULTS: Immediately after the intervention, on the first, second and third days, significant differences in pain anxiety among four groups were reported. On the first day, the Scheffé ad hoc test indicated statistically significant differences in pain anxiety between all groups (p < 0.001), except rose aroma-plus-Benson relaxation and rose aroma groups (p = 0.15). On the second and third days, there were significant differences between the groups in pain anxiety (p < 0.001). Furthermore, after wound dressing, on the first, second and third days, statistically significant differences in pain anxiety among four groups were reported. On the first day, the Scheffé ad hoc test revealed statistically significant differences in pain anxiety between all groups (p < 0.001). On the second and third days, there were statistically significant differences in pain anxiety between the groups (p < 0.001), except the rose aroma and Benson relaxation groups. Immediately after the intervention, the maximum effect size was on the first day in the group of rose aroma-plus-Benson relaxation and the lowest effect size was on the first day in the Benson relaxation group. However, after wound dressing, the maximum effect size was on the third day in the rose aroma-pus-Benson relaxation group and the lowest effect size was on the first day in the Benson relaxation group. CONCLUSION: The combination of the rose aroma and Benson relaxation has a synergistic effect and has more effects in the reduction of pain anxiety in burn patients than a single intervention. Health care providers can provide these interventions simultaneously and help reduce pain anxiety in burn patients before conducting painful interventions.

The Effect of Self-Care Compact Disk-Based Instruction Program on Physical Performance and Quality of Life of Patients with Burn At-Dismissal.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries still negatively influence the various aspects of life like physical performance and quality of life. This study was conducted to investigate at-dismissal self-care compact disk-based instruction program on the physical performance life quality of the patients with burns. METHODS: One-hundred burn patients in Shahid Motahhari Burn Center, Tehran, Iran were randomly assigned to two equal groups of intervention (n=50) and control (n=50). The latter received only routine dismissal self-care program and the former an instruction compact disc plus the routine self-care program at dismissal. The demographic information and burn patients' quality of life questionnaires were completed before and at months three and six after the intervention self-report program. RESULTS: The physical performance of the intervention and control groups before intervention was 1.61±0.71 and 1.45±0.47, respectively (p=0.41). The physical performance of the intervention group was higher than the control group at three and six months after the intervention (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: At-dismissal self-care compact disk-based instruction program can increase physical performance and quality of life in patients with burns. Therefore, the burn patients can be instructed based on self-care compact disk-based instruction program as an easy, available and less-costly method to take part in more satisfied treatment.

Comparison of the effects of nature sounds and reflexology on hemodynamic indices among traumatic comatose patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background Traumatic comatose patients may experience disturbances in hemodynamic indices due to the nature of their disorder. This study aimed to compare the effects of nature sounds and reflexology on hemodynamic indices in traumatic comatose patients. Methods This randomized clinical trial using a factorial design was conducted on 120 traumatic comatose patients in two teaching hospitals in two urban areas of Iran. The patients were selected using a sequential sampling method and assigned into randomized quadruple blocks as control, nature sounds, reflexology and nature sounds-reflexology (combined) groups. The interventions were performed twice daily in two consecutive days lasting 30 min each time. The hemodynamic indices were measured before, and immediately, 30 min, and 2 h after the intervention using calibrated monitors. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including one-way ANOVA, Scheffe ad hoc, repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni ad hoc Chi-square test and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis via the SPSS software V.16. Results Significant differences were reported in terms of the mean arterial pressure between the control and reflexology groups (p=0.002), and the combined group (p=0.008) immediately after the interventions. The combined group showed statistically differences in systolic blood pressure compared to the nature sounds (p=0.007) and control (p=0.015) groups 30 min after the interventions. The nature sounds group showed differences in the pulse rate from the reflexology (p=0.048) and control (p=0.015) groups 30 min after the interventions in the second day. Conclusions While the immediate effects of the interventions on induction of the feeling of relaxation and tranquility, and reduction of hemodynamic indices were reported, they diminished over time. Nature sounds and reflexology as low-cost and relaxing tranquilizing methods can be used for the reduction of tension and improvement of hemodynamic indices among traumatic comatose patients.

Effect of education using the virtual social network on the knowledge and attitude of emergency nurses of disaster preparedness: A quasi-experiment study.

BACKGROUND: Nurses play an important role in helping people to cope with disasters. Dealing with disasters requires proper knowledge, attitudes and skills that can be achieved through education. Education through virtual social networks as a method of distance education can be used due to its accessibility and ease of use. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of education using the virtual social network on the knowledge and attitude of emergency nurses of disaster preparedness. DESIGN: This was a pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental study with a control group. SETTING: The study was conducted in two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 60 nurses (n = 30 nurses in each group) participated in this study. Before the study, they signed the informed consent form. METHODS: They were selected using a census method and were divided into two control (n = 30) and intervention groups (n = 30). Data was collected before and after the intervention using the disaster preparedness questionnaire. The intervention group received 34-session education of disaster preparedness via the virtual social network (Telegram application). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS v.22 software. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was reported between the groups regarding the pretest knowledge score, but the posttest knowledge score was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In the intervention group, knowledge scores significantly increased at the posttest compared to the pretest (p < 0.01). No a similar condition happened in the control group. While the posttest attitude score was higher than the pretest attitude score, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in the knowledge score of the intervention group was reported compared to the control group indicating the effectiveness of learning through the virtual social network. Also, the high level of attitude scores before and after education indicated the positive attitude of emergency nurses toward the need for disaster preparedness.

Effects of the self-management education program using the multi-method approach and multimedia on the quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Self-management behaviors help patients deal issues related to the treatment process and lead to appropriate health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the self-management education program using the multi-method approach and multimedia on the quality of life among patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: This non-randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 111 patients suffering from chronic heart failure. They were assigned into the multi-method approach (n = 36), multimedia (n = 37), and control (n = 38) groups. The Iranian heart failure quality of life questionnaire was used for data collection before and three months after the education program. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS software. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were reported between the multi-method approach and multimedia groups in terms of the quality of life after the intervention compared with the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Also, statistically significant differences were found between the two intervention groups in terms of the dimension of self-efficacy and knowledge (p = 0.047). No statistically significant differences were seen between the intervention groups in other domains of the quality of life. CONCLUSION: The education program improved the quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. However, the multi-method approach was more effective compared to other methods in patients with chronic heart failure. Healthcare providers especially nurses should consider different educational approaches for patient education. Also, they need to consider patient's preferences during education to improve their quality of life.