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1.
Plants (Basel) ; 8(10)2019 Oct 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31615032

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the effects of cadmium (Cd) on plant cells is crucial to understand defense mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants against Cd toxicity. In this study, we examined stress-related enzyme activities after one and seven days of Cd application and the ultrastructure of roots of Pisum sativum L. after seven days of Cd treatment (10, 50, 100, and 200 µM CdSO4). Our results showed that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the amount of Cd accumulated in the roots were significantly positively correlated with the Cd concentration used in our experiment. However, Cd caused a decrease of all studied antioxidative enzyme activities (i.e., catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)). The analysis of the ultrastructure (TEM) showed various responses to Cd, depending on Cd concentrations. In general, lower Cd concentrations (50 and 100 µM CdSO4) mostly resulted in increased amounts of oil bodies, plastolysomes and the accumulation of starch granules in plastids. Meanwhile, roots treated with a higher concentration of Cd (200 µM CdSO4) additionally triggered protective responses such as an increased deposition of suberin lamellae in the endodermal cell walls. This indicates that Cd induces a complex defense response in root tissues.

2.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 88: 55-69, 2018 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29154915

ABSTRACT

The superior colliculus (SC) of mammals is a midbrain center, that can be subdivided into the superficial (SCs) and deep layers (SCd). In contrast to the visual SCs, the SCd are involved in multisensory and motor processing. This study investigated the pattern of distribution and colocalization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) and three calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) i.e. calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) in the SCd of the guinea pig. CART labeling was seen almost exclusively in the neuropil and fibers, which differed in regard to morphology and location. CART-positive neurons were very rare and restricted to a narrow area of the SCd. The most intense CART immunoreactivity was observed in the most dorsally located sublayer of the SCd, which is anatomically and functionally connected with the SCs. CART immunoreactivity in the remaining SCd was less intensive, but still relatively high. This characteristic pattern of immunoreactivity indicates that CART as a putative neurotransmitter or neuromodulator may play an important role in processing of visual information, while its involvement in the auditory and visuomotor processing is less significant, but still possible. CaBPs-positive neurons were morphologically diverse and widely distributed throughout all SCd. From studied CaBPs, CR showed a markedly different distribution compared to CB and PV. Overall, the patterns of distribution of CB and PV were similar in the entire SCd. Consequently, the complementarity of these patterns in the guinea pig was very weak. Double immunostaining revealed that CART did not colocalize with either CaBPs, which suggested that these neurochemical substances might not coexist in the multisensory and visuomotor parts of the SC.


Subject(s)
Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Superior Colliculi/anatomy & histology , Superior Colliculi/physiology , Animals , Calcium-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis , Female , Guinea Pigs , Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
3.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 79: 66-79, 2017 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27908658

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and colocalization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) and three calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin) in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SCs) in the guinea pig. The CART immunoreactivity was observed exclusively in the solitary fibers and neuropil, which formed various CART-ir tiers, that corresponded partially or entirely to anatomically defined layers of the SCs. The CART-ir structures exhibited a characteristic morphology with bundles of densely intermingled neuronal fibers and terminals. This pattern of CART immunoreactivity in the visually driven SCs strongly indicates that CART peptide as a putative neurotransmitter may play an important role in processing of visual information. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that CART did not colocalize with either calcium binding proteins (CaBPs). Immunolabeling for CaBPs revealed the presence of different neuronal populations, which were concentrated in variously pronounced tiers. Contrary to CART, the CaBPs immunoreactivity in perikarya was relatively high and CaBPs containing neurons displayed a variety of sizes and somatodendritic morphologies. Generally, CaBPs patterns in the SCs of the guinea pig differ, to some extent, from those of other rodents. These results prove the importance of studying the neurochemical cytoarchitecture of diverse mammals.


Subject(s)
Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Superior Colliculi/chemistry , Visual Pathways/chemistry , Animals , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Female , Guinea Pigs , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Superior Colliculi/metabolism , Visual Pathways/metabolism
4.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 78: 131-139, 2016 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27650206

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and its morphological relationships with neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and gonadoliberin (GnRH)-immunoreactive (IR) structures in the preoptic area (POA) of the male guinea pig. Tyrosine hydroxylase was expressed in relatively small population of perikarya and they were mostly observed in the periventricular preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic area. The tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibers were dispersed troughout the whole POA. The highest density of these fibers was observed in the median preoptic nucleus, however, in the periventricular preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic area they were only slightly less numerous. In the lateral preoptic area, the density of TH-IR fibers was moderate. Two morphological types of TH-IR fibers were distinguished: smooth and varicose. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that TH and GnRH overlapped in the guinea pig POA but they never coexisted in the same structures. TH-IR fibers often intersected with GnRH-IR structures and many of them touched the GnRH-IR perikarya or dendrites. NPY wchich was abundantly present in the POA only in fibers showed topographical proximity with TH-IR structures. Althoug TH-IR perikarya and fibers were often touched by NPY-IR fibers, colocalization of TH and NPY in the same structures was very rare. There was only a small population of fibers which contained both NPY and TH. In conclusion, the morphological evidence of contacts between TH- and GnRH-IR nerve structures may be the basis of catecholaminergic control of GnRH release in the preoptic area of the male guinea pig. Moreover, TH-IR neurons were conatcted by NPY-IR fibers and TH and NPY colocalized in some fibers, thus NPY may regulate catecholaminergic neurons in the POA.


Subject(s)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/metabolism , Preoptic Area/metabolism , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism , Animals , Guinea Pigs , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Nerve Fibers/metabolism
5.
Ann Anat ; 204: 51-62, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26617160

ABSTRACT

In this study we present the distribution and colocalization pattern of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and three calcium-binding proteins: calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) in the subicular complex (SC) of the guinea pig. The subiculum (S) and presubiculum (PrS) showed higher CART-immunoreactivity (-IR) than the parasubiculum (PaS) as far as the perikarya and neuropil were concerned. CART- IR cells were mainly observed in the pyramidal layer and occasionally in the molecular layer of the S. In the PrS and PaS, single CART-IR perikarya were dispersed, however with a tendency to be found only in superficial layers. CART-IR fibers were observed throughout the entire guinea pig subicular neuropil. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that CART-IR perikarya, as well as fibers, did not stain positively for any of the three CaBPs. CART-IR fibers were only located near the CB-, CR-, PV-IR perikarya, whereas CART-IR fibers occasionally intersected fibers containing one of the three CaBPs. The distribution pattern of CART was more similar to that of CB and CR than to that of PV. In the PrS, the CART, CB and CR immunoreactivity showed a laminar distribution pattern. In the case of the PV, this distribution pattern in the PrS was much less prominent than that of CART, CB and CR. We conclude that a heterogeneous distribution of the CART and CaBPs in the guinea pig SC is in keeping with findings from other mammals, however species specific differences have been observed.


Subject(s)
Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Calbindin 2/metabolism , Calbindins/metabolism , Female , Guinea Pigs , Hippocampus/anatomy & histology , Immunohistochemistry , Nerve Fibers/metabolism , Neuropil/metabolism , Parvalbumins/metabolism , Pyramidal Tracts/metabolism
6.
J Chem Neuroanat ; 59-60: 17-28, 2014 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24816166

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution and colocalization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and three calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin) in each main division of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in the guinea pig. From low to moderate CART immunoreactivity was observed in all divisions of the MGB, although in most of its length only fibers and neuropil were labeled. A small number of CART immunoreactive somata were observed in the caudal segment of the MGB. The central parts of all divisions contained a distinctly smaller number of CART immunoreactive fibers relative to their outer borders, where CART fibers formed patchy clusters. As a whole, the intense CART immunoreactive borders formed a shell around the weakly CART labeled core. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that CART did not colocalize with either calbindin, calretinin or parvalbumin, whose immunoreactivity was predominantly restricted to perikarya. The distribution pattern of calretinin was more similar to that of calbindin than to that of parvalbumin. Calretinin and calbindin exhibited higher immunoreactivity in the medial and dorsal divisions of the MGB, where parvalbumin staining was low. In general, although parvalbumin exhibited the weakest immunoreactivity of all studied Ca(2+) binding proteins, it was most highly expressed in the ventral division of the MGB. Our results indicate that CART could be involved in hearing, although its immunoreactivity in the medial geniculate complex was not as intense as in other sensory brain regions. In the guinea pig the heterogeneous and complementary pattern of calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin is evident, however, the overlap in staining appears to be more extensive than that seen in other rodents.


Subject(s)
Brain Chemistry , Calbindin 2/biosynthesis , Calbindins/biosynthesis , Geniculate Bodies , Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis , Parvalbumins/biosynthesis , Animals , Calbindin 2/analysis , Calbindins/analysis , Guinea Pigs , Immunohistochemistry , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Parvalbumins/analysis
7.
Folia Histochem Cytobiol ; 49(4): 604-14, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22252754

ABSTRACT

This study provides a detailed description of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) distribution and the co-localization pattern of CART and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and substance P (SP) in the preoptic area (POA) of the domestic pig. The POA displays a low density of immunoreactive cells and rich immunoreactivity for CART in fibers. CART-immunoreactive (CART-IR) cell bodies were single and faintly stained, and located in the medial preoptic area (MPA) and the periventricular region of the POA. A high density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periventricular preoptic nucleus (PPN); a high to moderate density of fibers was observed in the MPA; but in the dorso-medial region of the MPA the highest density of fibers in the whole POA was observed. The lateral preoptic area (LPA) exhibited a less dense concentration of CART-immunoreactive fibers than the MPA. The median preoptic nucleus (MPN) showed moderate to low expression of staining fibers. In the present study, dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to show that CART-IR cell bodies do not contain any GnRH and SP. CART-positive fibers were identified in close apposition with GnRH neurons. This suggests that CART may influence GnRH secretion. Double staining revealed that CART-IR structures do not co-express any of the substances we studied, but a very small population of CART-IR fibers also contain SOM, CCK or SP.


Subject(s)
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Cocaine/pharmacology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Preoptic Area/metabolism , Animals , Cholecystokinin/metabolism , Cocaine/metabolism , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Neurons/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/metabolism , Preoptic Area/cytology , Somatostatin/metabolism , Substance P/metabolism , Sus scrofa
8.
Folia Histochem Cytobiol ; 49(4): 690-9, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22252766

ABSTRACT

The present study provides a detailed description of somatostatin (SOM) distribution and the colocalization pattern of SOM, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen complex) of the guinea pig. Within the dorsal striatum, SOM is found in a population of medium-sized aspiny interneurons. We found that 97% of all SOM-IR neurons expressed NPY simultaneously, while 98% of all NPY-ergic perikarya was simultaneously SOM-IR. On the other hand, while 98% of all SOM-IR cells were simultaneously NOS-IR, only 91% of all NOS-containing neurons exhibited SOM-immunoreactivity. Irrespective of their chemical coding, both types of SOM-IR neurons were scattered throughout the dorsal striatum, sometimes in the form of small, loosely arranged clusters of 2-4 cells. While SOM-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers were present in all of the studied regions, they were more numerous in the ventro-medial part of the studied structure, with the exception of its caudal portion, where SOM-IR and NPY-IR fibers additionally formed a dense network in the part corresponding to the caudate nucleus. A low expression of staining for NOS-IR fibers was seen throughout the entire dorsal striatum. In some fibers, SOM and NPY were co-expressed. Fibers expressing both SOM and NOS were not found.


Subject(s)
Corpus Striatum/chemistry , Neurons/metabolism , Somatostatin/analysis , Animals , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Female , Guinea Pigs , Nerve Fibers/chemistry , Nerve Fibers/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/analysis , Neuropeptide Y/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase/analysis , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Somatostatin/metabolism
9.
Folia Morphol (Warsz) ; 64(3): 151-60, 2005 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16228949

ABSTRACT

The characteristic features of guinea pig amygdala (CA), as shown by volumetric comparisons of the individual nuclei, are the poor development of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei as well as the strong formation of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei. The central (CE), cortical (CO) and medial (ME) nuclei also appear to be well represented in this species. All these features are even more pronounced when the total number of neurons in the nuclei referred to was taken into consideration. A comparison of the densities of neurons in the individual nuclei with the mean numerical density of cells in the guinea pig CA indicates that the densities of neurons in LA, BL, BM, CE and CO are significantly lower than the mean (p < 0.05), whereas in the ME and NLOT these values are significantly higher than the mean (p < 0.05). It is noteworthy, that the densities of the neurons in CE and CO do not differ statistically from each other (p > 0.05) and are significantly higher than the respective values in LA, BL and BM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a similar division of the guinea pig CA may to some extent be made using the size parameters of the amygdaloid neurons as a marker. Interestingly, the large neurons populate organised CA areas like LA, BL and BM less densely, whereas the small cells create ME and NLOT, where the neurons are densely arranged. CE and CO occupy intermediate positions, with the neurons similar in size to the mean for the guinea pig CA.


Subject(s)
Amygdala/anatomy & histology , Guinea Pigs , Amygdala/cytology , Animals , Cell Count , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Neurons/cytology
10.
Folia Morphol (Warsz) ; 61(4): 251-6, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12725492

ABSTRACT

The studies were carried out on the telencephalons of 12 adult rabbits. Two types of neurons were distinguished: 1. Large neurons (perikarya 18-40 microm), which have from 2 to 6 thick, long primary dendrites. Their perikarya have a polygonal, triangular and fusiform shape. The large neurons in the centre of GP have radiated dendritic trees, whereas the dendritic field of the cells along the borders of GP has an elongated shape. The dendritic arbour is not homogeneous. The dendrites may be covered with spindle-shaped dendritic swellings, bead-like processes, not numerous spines or they may be smooth as well. The dendritic branches form thin, beaded dendritic processes, that arise from any part of the dendritic tree, as well as "complex terminal endings" which have various types of appendages on their terminal portions. An axon emerges from a thick conical elongation either from the cell body or one of the dendritic trunks. These neurons are the most numerous in the investigated material. 2. Small nerve cells have been infrequent in our material. Their cell bodies are rounded or polygonal. From the perikarya there arise 2-4 thin dendritic trunks, which may have irregular swellings and few spines. The dendrites spread out in all directions, making the dendritic field round or oval in shape. Generally most axons of the small cells have not been impregnated. However, a few of them have a thin axon with a conical elongation, which emerges from the cell body and bifurcates into beaded processes.


Subject(s)
Entopeduncular Nucleus/cytology , Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure , Neurons/cytology , Animals , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Microscopy, Video , Neurons/classification , Nissl Bodies , Rabbits
11.
Folia Morphol (Warsz) ; 61(4): 299-304, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12725500

ABSTRACT

The inferior colliculus (IC) of the bank vole is made up of 3 nuclei: the external and pericentral nucleus, which are located on the outer border of the IC, and the central nucleus, which is the largest part of IC and shows a laminated structure. On the basis of various morphological criteria 5 types of neurons have been distinguished in the bank vole IC: 1. The rounded cells (perikarya 10-15 microm) with 2-4 primary dendritic trunks. The dendritic tree has a spindle-like shape. The axon emerges from the soma or from the proximal portion of a dendrite. 2. The fusiform neurons (17-20 microm) with 2 primary dendrites arising from both poles of the perikaryon. The dendritic tree has the same shape as the previous type. The axon originates from the proximal dendritic trunk. The rounded and fusiform cells constitute the main neuronal type. 3. The pear-shaped neurons (10-13 microm) with 2 main stems or rarely 1. The axon emerges from the perikaryon or seldom from the dendritic trunk. 4. The multipolar cells (18-23 microm), which have from 4 to 6 primary dendrites radiating in all directions. The dendritic tree has a spherical shape. The axon emerges either from the proximal stem or directly from the soma. 5. The triangular neurons (15-18 microm) with 3 primary dendritic trunks. The axon originates from the perikaryon. The triangular cells are the least numerous. All types of neurons in the bank vole IC bear spines and protrusions.


Subject(s)
Arvicolinae/anatomy & histology , Golgi Apparatus , Inferior Colliculi/cytology , Neurons/cytology , Nissl Bodies , Animals , Cell Surface Extensions , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Neurons/classification
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