Calculation method for a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer and its applications.

A calculation method for a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer is presented, and its applications to specular and speckle interferometers and digital holography are described. Two sets of quadrature phase-shifted interferograms are acquired, and the calculation method proposed gives the phase distribution of the interferograms. The principle of the calculation method with error analysis and experimental results for specular and speckle interferometers and digital holography are also given.

Three-dimensional displacement measurement for diffuse object using phase-shifting digital holography with polarization imaging camera.

The amount of displacement of a diffused object can be measured using phase-shifting digital holography with a polarization imaging camera. Four digital holograms in quadrature are extracted from the polarization imaging camera and used to calculate the phase hologram. Two Fourier transforms of the phase holograms are calculated before and after the displacement of the object. A phase slope is subsequently obtained from the phase distribution of division between the two Fourier transforms. The slope of the phase distribution is proportional to the lateral displacement of the object. The sensitivity is less than one pixel size in the lateral direction of the movement. The longitudinal component of the displacement can be also measured separately from the intercept on the phase axis along the phase distribution of the division between two Fourier transforms of the phase holograms.

Digital holography with a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer.

An alternative method for digital holography using a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer for high-speed measurement is presented. We show that it has image quality equal to the four-bucket method. In addition, it requires fewer imaging devices. Two quadrature phase-shifting fringe patterns are acquired in each state of an object changed temporally. The phase calculation method with these four fringe patterns gives the phase distribution of the hologram. This digital phase hologram is reconstructed to yield an object image by the Fresnel transform using digital convolutions with the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Verification results of simulations and experiments are given.

Simultaneous formation of four fringes by using a polarization quadrature phase-shifting interferometer with wave plates and a diffraction grating.

We present a new type of quadrature phase-shifting interferometer, which utilizes wave plates, a diffraction grating, and two lasers with different wavelengths, in order to acquire two sets of two quadrature fringe patterns in each wavelength formed on a single image sensor. This method for calculating with four phase-shifted fringe patterns gives us the phase sum and difference distributions between the phases in two wavelengths. This is also substantiated by results of our experiments.

Phase-shifting interferometer based on changing the direction of linear polarization orthogonally.

We present a new type of phase-shifting interferometer, which utilizes a polarizing prism to form quadrature phase-shifted fringe patterns onto a single imaging sensor. By changing the direction of linear polarization of the incident light orthogonally, four phase-shifted fringe patterns in quadrature are obtained by taking images twice; thus it is possible to reduce phase errors caused by mechanical vibrations and air turbulence that occur in temporal phase-shifting interferometers. We present the principle of this interferometer with its theoretical analysis, using the Jones matrix, along with experimental results.