Fatores Preditores de Complicações após Radioterapia Conformacional 3D em Pacientes com Adenocarcinoma de Próstata / Predictors of Complications following 3D Conformational Radiotherapy in Patients with Prostate Adenocarcinoma / Factores Predictores de Complicaciones después de la Radioterapia Conformacional 3D en Pacientes con Adenocarcinoma de Próstata

Introdução: O câncer de próstata é considerado a neoplasia maligna mais comum que acomete homens em todas as Regiões do país, à exceção do câncer de pele não melanoma. Se diagnosticado e tratado precocemente, o câncer de próstata tem alta taxa de cura; contudo, terapêuticas como a radioterapia podem gerar complicações agudas que podem impactar as atividades cotidianas. Apesar das complicações no pós-tratamento, a radioterapia tem sido um método bastante praticado e que apresenta resultados positivos, ocasionando melhoria da sobrevida livre de doença. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais fatores preditores de complicações agudas que acometem pacientes em tratamento radioterápico para câncer de próstata. Método: Para identificação de fatores preditores de complicações agudas pós-radioterapia, avaliaram-se, consecutiva e prospectivamente, 208 pacientes diagnosticados com adenocarcinoma de próstata tratados com radioterapia conformacional 3D em um centro referência vinculado ao SUS entre os anos 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se ainda avaliação retrospectiva de prontuários para coleta de dados adicionais. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, Anova e regressão logística ordinal. Resultados: Após análise da amostra, evidenciou-se que, entre as complicações agudas, as de maior incidência foram radiodermite, cistite e enterite/retite, de forma que tais complicações tiveram como fatores associados volume irradiado, tratamento prévio e sintomas prévios ao tratamento. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que, apesar da existência de complicações ao final do tratamento, a grande maioria é de baixa complexidade e que pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos prévios podem evoluir com presença de complicações mais graves.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects men in all regions of the country, except for non-melanoma skin cancer. If diagnosed and treated early, prostate cancer has a high cure rate; however, therapies such as radiotherapy can generate acute complications that can impact daily activities. Despite post-treatment complications, radiotherapy has been a widely practiced method and has shown positive results, leading to improved disease-free survival. Objective: To evaluate the main predictive factors for acute complications that affect patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Method: To identify predictive factors for acute post-radiotherapy complications, 208 patients diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma treated with 3D conformational radiotherapy were consecutively and prospectively evaluated at a referral center linked to SUS between the years 2016 and 2017. It was carried out retrospective evaluation of medical records to collect additional data. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact, Anova and ordinal logistic regression. Results: After analyzing the sample, it was evidenced that among the acute complications, those with the highest incidence were radiodermatitis, cystitis, enteritis/rectitis, so that these complications had associated predictive factors as irradiated volume, previous treatment and symptoms. Conclusion: The study suggests that despite the existence of complications at the end of the treatment, the vast majority are of low complexity and that the patients submitted to previous surgical procedures can evolve with the presence of more severe complications.

Introducción: El cáncer de próstata se considera la neoplasia maligna más común que afecta a los hombres en todas las regiones del país, con la excepción del cáncer de piel no melanoma. Si se diagnostica y trata temprano, el cáncer de próstata tiene una alta tasa de curación; sin embargo, las terapias como la radioterapia pueden generar complicaciones agudas que pueden afectar las actividades diarias. A pesar de las complicaciones posteriores al tratamiento, la radioterapia ha sido un método ampliamente practicado y ha mostrado resultados positivos, lo que lleva a una mejor supervivencia libre de enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar los principales predictores de complicaciones agudas que afectan a los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia para el cáncer de próstata. Método: Para identificar los factores predictivos de complicaciones agudas posteriores a la radioterapia, 208 pacientes diagnosticados con adenocarcinoma de próstata tratados con radioterapia conformacional 3D fueron evaluados consecutiva y prospectivamente en un centro de referencia vinculado al SUS entre los años 2016 y 2017. Se realizó evaluación retrospectiva de registros médicos para recopilar datos adicionales. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher, de Anova y la regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: Después de analizar la muestra, se evidenció que, entre las complicaciones agudas, las de mayor incidencia fueron radiodermatitis, cistitis, enteritis/retitis y síntomas obstructivos, por lo que estas complicaciones tenían factores predictivos asociados, como el volumen irradiado, el tratamiento previo y los síntomas. Conclusión: El estudio sugiere que a pesar de la existencia de complicaciones al final del tratamiento, la gran mayoría son de baja complejidad. Como factores predictivos encontrados, se puede mencionar el volumen irradiado, la existencia de tratamiento previo y los síntomas en la consulta inicial.

Radiodermatites: Análise dos Fatores Preditivos em Pacientes com Câncer de Mama / Radiodermatitis: Analysis of Predictive Factors in Breast Cancer Patients / Radiodermatitis: Análisis de Factores Predictivos en Pacientes con Cáncer de Mama

Introdução: A radioterapia é uma das modalidades terapêuticas de escolha para os tratamentos adjuvante e neoadjuvante, em pacientes com câncer de mama. Tal modalidade provoca reação de pele dolorosa conhecida como radiodermatite. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados com o aparecimento de radiodermite após radioterapia e a sua associação com o maior grau de toxicidade nesses pacientes. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, com 117 pacientes com de câncer de mama submetidos à radioterapia conformacional 3D, entre 2016 a 2018, em doses variáveis. Dados pessoais foram coletados a partir de prontuário, e o grau de radiodermite estabelecido segundo os critérios do grupo de oncologia radioterápica. O total de 15 potenciais preditivos foram elencados e analisados por estatísticas univariada e multivariada. Resultados: A população do estudo apresentou uma média de 50 anos, 47% relataram alguma comorbidade, 59,83% realizaram cirurgia radical e 81,19% desenvolveram radiodermite. Observou-se, em análise multivariada, associação do desenvolvimento de radiodermite com maiores doses da radiação (p=0,011) e com uso de bólus diário (p=0,009). Conclusão: As principais variáveis que culminaram em maiores graus de radiodermite foram a dose da radiação e o uso de bólus diário. Categorizando os fatores preditivos, identificam-se o paciente com maior risco de lesões graves e a possibilidade da criação de protocolos mais eficazes na prevenção das radiodermatites.

Introduction: Radiotherapy is one of the therapeutic modalities chosen for adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in patients with breast cancer. This modality causes a painful skin reaction known as radiodermatitis. Objective:To evaluate the factors related with the appearance of radiodermatitis after radiotherapy and their relationship with the highest degree of toxicity in patients with breast cancer. Method: Retrospective study, with 117 patients with breast cancer submitted to 3D conformational radiotherapy between 2016 and 2018, at variable doses. Personal data were collected from medical records, and the degree of radiodermatitis established according to the criteria of the Radiation Oncology Group. The total of 15 predictive factors in potential were listed and later analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics. Results: The study population presented an average of 50 years, 47% reported some comorbidities, 59.83% underwent radical surgery and 81.19% developed radiodermatitis. In a multivariate analysis, there was an association between development of radiodermatitis and higher doses of radiation (p=0.011) and daily bolus use (p=0.009). Conclusion:The main elements that culminated in higher degrees of radiodermatitis were the dose of radiation and the use of daily bolus. By categorizing the predictive factors, we can identify the patient with the highest risk of severe skin lesions and enables the creation of more effective protocols for the prevention of radiodermatitis.

Introducción: La radioterapia es una modalidad terapéutica para tratamiento adyuvante y neoadyuvante, en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Tal modalidad provoca reacción de piel dolorosa conocida como radiodermatitis. Objetivo: Evaluar factores conexos con la aparición de radiodermatitis tras la radioterapia y su asociación con el mayor grado de toxicidad. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, con 117 pacientes con cáncer de mama sometidos a la Radioterapia Conformacional 3D entre 2016 a 2018. Los datos personales fueron recolectados a partir de prontuario, así como el grado de radiodermatitis establecido según los criterios del grupo de oncología radioterápica. El total de 15 potencial predictivos fueron enumerados y posteriormente analizados por estadística univariana y multivariada. Resultados: La población del estudio presentó un promedio de 50 años, el 47% informó de algunas comorbilidades, el 59,83% se sometió a cirugía radical y el 81,19% desarrolló radiodermatitis. En un análisis multivariado, hubo una asociación entre el desarrollo de radiodermatitis y dosis más altas de radiación (p=0.011) y el uso diario de bolos (p=0.009). Conclusión: Las principales variables que culminaron en mayores grados de radiodermatitis fueron la dosis de radiación y el uso de bolos diarios. Al categorizar los factores predictivos, podemos identificar al paciente con el mayor riesgo de lesiones cutáneas graves y permitir la creación de protocolos más efectivos para la prevención de la radiodermatitis.

Radioterapia externa conformada 3D para o carcinoma de próstata: experiência do Instituto do Radium de Campinas com 285 pacientes / 3D conformal external beam radiation therapy for prostate carcinoma: an experiment of Instituto do Radium de Campinas with 285 patients

OBJETIVO: Reportar resultados de tratamentos do câncer de próstata com radioterapia conformada 3D realizadosem uma única instituição. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De julho de 1997 a janeiro de 2002, 285 pacientes consecutivos com câncer de próstata foram submetidos a radioterapia conformada 3D com dose mediana de 7.920 cGy na próstata e analisados retrospectivamente. A distribuição segundo o grupo de risco foi a seguinte: baixo risco ù 95 (33,7%); risco intermediário ù 66 (23,4%); alto risco ù 121 (42,9%) pacientes. RESULTADOS: Em seguimento mediano de 53,6 meses (3,6û95,3 meses), sobrevidas atuariais global, causa específica, livre de metástases a distância e livre de recidiva bioquímica em cinco anos foram de 85,1%, 97,0%, 94,2% e 75,8%, respectivamente. Sobrevidas atuariais livre de toxicidade retal e urinária tardias em cinco anos foram de 96,4% e 91,1%, respectivamente. Ressecção transuretral pré-radioterapia conformada 3D e doses > 70 Gy em 30% do volume da bexiga implicaram maior toxicidade urinária tardia grau 2-3 em cinco anos (p = 0,0002 e p = 0,0264, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A primeira experiência relatada de radioterapia conformada 3D no Brasil permitiu altas doses de radiação, com toxicidades retal e urinária aceitáveis. A existência de ressecção transuretral de próstata pré-radioterapia conformada 3D pode sinalizar maior risco de toxicidade urinária tardia grau 2-3 após irradiação. Restrição da dose ≤ 70 Gy em 30% do volume da bexiga à tomografia de planejamento pode reduzir complicações urinárias tardias.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcomes of 3D conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer in a single institution.MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1997 to January 2002, 285 consecutive patients with prostate cancer were submitted to 3D conformal radiation therapy receiving a median dose of 7,920 cGy to the prostate, and were retrospectively evaluated. The patients distribution according to the level of risk was the following: low risk û 95 (33.7%); intermediate risk û 66 (23.4%); high risk û 121 (42.9%) patients. RESULTS: Median follow-up of 53.6 months (3.6û95.3 months) demonstrated 85.1% actuarial five-year overall survival, 97.0% specific cause survival, 94.2% five-year distant metastasis-free survival, and 75.8% five-year biochemical recurrence-free survival. Rates of five-year actuarial survival free from late rectal and urinary toxicity were 96.4% and 91.1% respectively. Pre-3D conformal radiation therapy transurethral resection of the prostate and doses > 70 Gy in 30% of the bladder volume implied a higher grade 2-3 late urinary toxicity in five years (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0264, respectively). CONCLUSION: The first experiment with 3D conformalradiation therapy reported in Brazil allowed high radiation doses with acceptable levels of urinary and rectaltoxicity. Pre-3D conformal radiation therapy transurethral resection of prostate may determine a higher riskfor post-irradiation grade 2-3 late urinary toxicity. At the tomography planning, the reduction of the radiationdose to ≤ 70 Gy in 30% of the bladder volume may reduce the risk for late urinary complications.

High-dose-rate brachytherapy as part of a multidisciplinary treatment of nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma in childhood.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood is rare. Radiochemotherapy is considered the standard treatment and yields increased survival and local control rates. In this article, the authors report on the results from the multidisciplinary treatment of pediatric patients who had nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma with radiochemotherapy, including high-dose-rate brachytherapy of the primary tumor site. METHODS: Between May 1992 and May 2000, 16 children with nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, conventional external beam radiotherapy, high-dose-rate brachytherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients ranged in age from 7 years to 18 years, and 9 patients were male. Patient distribution according to clinical disease stage was as follows: Stage III, 1 patient; Stage IVA, 5 patients; Stage IVB, 9 patients; and Stage IVC, 1 patient. Three cycles of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in 3-week intervals were administered with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. The median doses of external beam radiotherapy to the primary tumor, positive lymph nodes, and subclinical areas of disease were 55 grays (Gy), 55 Gy, and 45 Gy, respectively. Children received 2 insertions of high-dose-rate brachytherapy at 5 Gy per insertion: These were performed with metallic applicators inserted through the transnasal access under local anesthesia. RESULTS: The median of follow-up was 54 months. At the time of last follow-up, 13 patients were alive without disease, 2 patients had died of disease, and 1 patient had died of treatment-related cardiac failure. Local control was achieved in 15 of 16 patients. Chemotherapy-related and radiotherapy-related acute toxicity was relevant but tolerable. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, it was shown that the treatment was effective in the control of both local and distant disease, although there was relevant acute and late toxicity. High-dose-rate brachytherapy was deliverable on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia. Close follow-up of these patients was necessary to evaluate the significance of treatment-related late effects and their impact on quality of life.

Radiochemotherapy in the conservative treatment of anal canal carcinoma: retrospective analysis of results and radiation dose effectiveness.

PURPOSE: This retrospective analysis reports the results on patients with anal canal carcinoma treated by combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between March 1993 and December 2001, 43 patients with anal canal carcinoma were treated with radiochemotherapy at the Hospital do Cancer A.C. Camargo. Stage distribution was as follows: I, 3 (7%); II, 23 (53.5%); IIIA, 8 (18.6%); and IIIB, 9 (21%). The median age was 56 years (range, 36-77 years) with most patients being women (4:1). External radiotherapy (RT) was delivered at the whole pelvis followed by a boost at the primary tumor. The median dose of RT at the whole pelvis and at the primary tumor was 45 Gy and 55 Gy, respectively. Chemotherapy was carried out during the first and last 4 days of RT with continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m(2)) and bolus mitomycin C (10 mg/m(2)). Median overall treatment time was 51 days (range, 30-129 days). Thirty-four patients (79%) did not receive elective RT at the inguinal region. Patient's age, tumor stage, overall treatment time, and RT dose at primary tumor were variables analyzed for survival and local control. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 42 months (range, 4-116 months). Overall survival and colostomy-free survival at 5 years was 68% and 52%, respectively. Overall survival according to clinical stage was as follows: I, 100%; II, 82%; IIIA, 73%; and IIIB, 18% (p = 0.0049). Complete response was observed in 40 patients (93%). Local recurrence occurred in 9 (21%) patients, and of these, 6 were rescued by surgery. Local control with a preserved sphincter was observed in 34 patients (79%). According to the RT dose, local control was higher among patients who received more than 50 Gy at primary tumor (86.5% vs. 34%, p = 0.012). Inguinal failure was observed in 5 patients (15%) who did not receive inguinal elective RT. Distant metastasis was observed in 11 patients (25.6%). Temporary interruption of the treatment as a result of acute toxicity was necessary in 12 patients (28%). Four patients developed mild chronic complications. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that the treatment scheme employed was effective for anal sphincter preservation and local control; however, the incidence of distant metastases was relatively high. The clinical stage was the main prognostic factor for overall survival. Local control was higher in patients treated with doses of more than 50 Gy at primary tumor. The high incidence of inguinal failure implies the need for elective RT in this region.

Tratamento conservador do carcinoma do canal anal / Conservative treatment of anal canal carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados do tratamento conservador do carcinoma de canal anal com radioterapia e quimioterapia do Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo. MÉTODO: De março de 1993 a dezembro de 2001, 47 pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma do canal anal foram tratados de forma conservadora. A dose mediana de radioterapia na pelve e no tumor primário foi respectivamente de 45 e 55 Gy. A quimioterapia foi realizada com 5- Fluorouracil e Mitomicina-C, com doses medianas de 1000 mg/m² por quatro dias e 10 mg/m² por ciclo, respectivamente. Trinta e oito (80,8 por cento) pacientes não receberam radioterapia em região inguinal. O tempo de seguimento mediano foi de 40 meses (oito dias a 116 meses). RESULTADOS: A resposta completa foi alcançada em 40 pacientes (85,1 por cento). O controle local foi obtido em 31 (66 por cento), e a função esfincteriana foi preservada em 38 (80,9 por cento) casos. Metástases à distância foram detectadas em sete (14,9 por cento) pacientes. A sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença em cinco anos foram de 61,5 por cento e 50,1 por cento, respectivamente. A sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de doença em cinco anos para os pacientes que tiveram controle local foram 77,8 por cento (p < 0,001) e 74,4 por cento (p < 0,001). A sobrevida global e livre de doença em cinco anos para os pacientes com linfonodo inguinal clinicamente tumoral foi de 70,7 por cento e 56,7 por cento, respectivamente (p = 0,0085 e p = 0,0207). Doze (25,5 por cento) pacientes necessitaram de interrupção temporária do tratamento. Cinco pacientes tiveram complicações crônicas leves. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento realizado foi efetivo tanto para preservação do esfíncter anal quanto para controle local de doença. A presença de linfonodo inguinal clinicamente tumoral e a ausência de recidiva foram os principais fatores prognósticos para sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. A taxa relativamente alta...

BACKGROUND: To report the results of conservative treatment in patients with anal canal carcinoma with radiotherapy and chemotherapy at Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo. METHODS: From March 1993 to December 2001, 47 patients with histological diagnosis of anal canal carcinoma were treated by conservative treatment. The median dose of radiotherapy at whole pelvis and at primary tumor was 45Gy and 55 Gy, respectively. The chemotherapy regimen was provided with 5-Fluorouracil and Mitomycin C, with median doses of 1000 mg/m² and 10 mg/m², respectively. Thirty-eight (80.8 percent) patients didnæt receive radiotherapy at inguinal region. The median follow-up period was 40 months (8 days-116 months). RESULTS: Complete responses were observed in 40 patients (85.1 percent). The local control was obtained in 38 patients (80.9 percent). Distant metastases were observed in 7 (14.9 percent) patients. The overall survival and colostomy and disease-free survival in 5 years were 61,5 percent and 50,1 percent, respectively. The overall survival and disease free survival in 5 years for patients that obtained local control were 77,8 percent (p < 0.001) and 74,4 percent (p < 0.001). The overall survival and disease free survival in 5 years for patients with clinical inguinal tumoral lymph nodes were 70.7 percent and 56.7 percent respectively (p = 0.0085 and p = 0.0207). Twelve (28 percent) patients required temporary interruption of treatment. Five patients had mild chronic complications. CONCLUSION: The treatment scheme of these patients was effective for anal sphincter preservation and local control of the disease. The presence of clinical tumoral inguinal lymph nodes and the local control were the main prognostic factors for overall and disease free survival. The relative elevated recurrence at inguinal region suggests the need of elective radiotherapy at this region. The acute toxicity was elevated.