ABSTRACT
In this article we describe extensive studies of the catalytic asymmetric heterodimerization of ketenes to give ketene heterodimer ß-lactones. The optimal catalytic system was determined to be a cinchona alkaloid derivative (TMS-quinine or Me-quinidine). The desired ketene heterodimer ß-lactones were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 90%), with excellent levels of enantioselectivity (≥90% ee for 33 Z and E isomer examples), good to excellent (Z)-olefin isomer selectivity (≥90:10 for 20 examples), and excellent regioselectivity (only one regioisomer formed). Full details of catalyst development studies, catalyst loading investigations, substrate scope exploration, protocol innovations (including double in situ ketene generation for 7 examples), and an application to a cinnabaramide A intermediate are described. The addition of lithium perchlorate (1-2 equiv) as an additive to the alkaloid catalyst system was found to favor formation of the E isomer of the ketene heterodimer. Ten examples were formed with moderate to excellent (E)-olefin isomer selectivity (74:25 to 97:3) and with excellent enantioselectivity (84-98% ee).
Subject(s)
Ethylenes/chemistry , Ketones/chemistry , Lactones/chemical synthesis , Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Catalysis , Dimerization , Lactones/chemistry , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Structure , Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
In this Communication we describe an unprecedented catalytic asymmetric heterodimerization of ketenes of wide substrate scope. The alkaloid-catalyzed method provides access to ketene heterodimer ß-lactones and allows even two different monosubstituted ketenes to be cross-dimerized, with excellent enantioselectivity (17 examples with ≥90% ee) and excellent heterodimer regioselectivity observed in all cases.
