Ductus arteriosus diameters in fetuses with early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction.

PURPOSE: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common pregnancy complication that can be associated with several adverse perinatal outcomes. One of these negative outcomes is ductus arteriosus, especially in preterm babies. In this study, intrauterine heart function and ductus diameter were evaluated in babies with FGR. METHODS: Thirty-seven fetuses with FGR were compared with 37 normal-weight fetuses at the same gestational week. In our study, ventricular diameters, aorta, pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus (DA), aortic arch diameter, and flow traces were examined. In addition, the aorta and aortic isthmus diameters were proportioned to the ductus diameter, and the left ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) [(ICT + IRT)/ET] was evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference in DA diameters between the patient and control groups. The intragroup comparison of the cases with early- and late-onset FGR revealed no statistically significant difference between DA diameters. However, the ratios of the aortic annulus diameter/ductus diameter (AOD/DAD) and aortic isthmus diameter/ductus diameter (AID/DAD) were significantly lower in early-onset FGR because the diameter of the DA was greater. In addition, the mod-MPI values were higher in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, although the ductal diameters did not change significantly in the patient group, the ductal diameter was greater in the early-onset intrauterine growth restriction (FGR) group compared with other cardiac measurements. The mod-MPI value, a cardiac function indicator, was higher in fetuses with FGR. These findings may be useful for evaluating postnatal cardiac functions in FGR.

Piccolo in transcatheter PDA closure multi-centre study from premature to adolescent children.

In this multi-centre study, the mid- to long-term efficacy and safety of the Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder in patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature and term infants as well as children were discussed. Methods. Between 2016 and 2021, 645 patients, 152 of whom were less than 1 month old, underwent ductus closure with the Piccolo device from five different centres in Turkey. The median age of the patients was 2.2 years, and the mean narrowest point of duct diameter was 1.8 mm. Sixty-two patients weighed ≤ 1.5 kg, 90 patients 1.5-3 kg, and the mean follow-up was 20.4 months. In 396, the duct was closed by the retrograde route. Ductal anatomy was Type A in 285, C in 72, E in 171, and F in 64 patients. Fluoroscopy duration was 6.2 min. The procedure success rate was 99.1%. Device embolisation occurred in 13 patients (2%), and 11 were retrieved with a snare. Cardiac perforation and death developed in one premature baby. The left pulmonary artery and the descending aorta stenosis were observed in 3 (0.4%) and in 5 patients (0.5%). Results. Piccolo device is safe and effective in closing ductus in all age groups. It has low profile for use in premature and newborn babies, a small embolisation risk, and a low residual shunt rate after closure. Conclusion. The Piccolo device can be considered as close an ideal occluder. The lower profile, smaller delivery catheter size, and symmetry of this device allow for a venous or arterial approach.

Safety and efficacy of Amplatzer duct occluder II and konar-MF™ VSD occluder in the closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in children weighing less than 10†kg.

Introduction: Device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) is a successful off-label treatment alternative. We aim to report and compare the outcomes of pmVSD closure in children weighing less than 10 kg using Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADOII) and Konar-MF VSD Occluder (MFO) devices. Methods: Retrospective clinical data review of 52 children with hemodynamically significant pmVSD, and sent for transcatheter closure using ADOII and MFO, between January 2018 and January 2023. Baseline, procedural, and follow-up data were compared according to the implanted device. Results: ADOII devices were implanted in 22 children with a median age of 11 months (IQR, 4.1-14.7) and weight of 7.4 kg (IQR, 2.7-9.7). MFO devices were implanted in 30 children with a median age of 11 months (IQR, 4.8-16.6) and weight of 8 kg (IQR, 4.1-9.6). ADOII were implanted (retrograde, 68.1%) in defects with a median left ventricular diameter of 4.6 mm (IQR, 3.8-5.7) and right ventricular diameter of 3.5 mm (IQR, 3.1-4.9) while MFO were implanted (antegrade, 63.3%) in defects with a median left ventricular diameter of 7 mm (IQR, 5.2-11.3) (p > 0.05) and right ventricular diameter of 5 mm (IQR, 2.0, 3.5-6.2) (p < 0.05). The procedural and fluoroscopy times were shorter with the MFO device (p < 0.05). On a median follow-up of 41.2 months (IQR, 19.7-49.3), valvular insufficiency was not observed. One 13-month-old child (6.3 kg) with ADOII developed a complete atrioventricular heart block (CAVB) six months postoperative and required pacemaker implantation. One 11-month-old child (5.9 kg) with MFO developed a CAVB 3 days postoperative and the device was removed. At 6 months post-procedure, only one child with MFO still experiences a minor residual shunt. There was one arterio-venous fistula that resolved spontaneously. Conclusion: Both the MFO and ADOII are effective closure devices in appropriately selected pmVSDs. CAVB can occur with both devices. The MFO is inherently advantageous for defects larger than 6 mm and subaortic rims smaller than 3 mm. In the literature, our series represents the first study comparing the mid-term outcomes of MFO and ADOII devices in children weighing less than 10 kg.

Perfusion index in newborns with CHD without clinical signs of hypoperfusion and heart failure: comparison with healthy newborns.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral perfusion index has been proposed as a possible method for detecting circulatory impairment. We aimed to determine the normal range of peripheral perfusion index in healthy newborns and compare it with that of newborns with CHD. METHODS: Right-hand saturation and right-hand peripheral perfusion index levels were recorded, and physical examination and echocardiography were performed in newborns who were 0-28 days old and whom were evaluated in our paediatric cardiology outpatient clinic. The saturation and peripheral perfusion index levels of newborns with normal heart anatomy and function were compared with those of newborns with CHD. RESULTS: Out of 358 newborns (238 mature and 75 premature) enrolled in the study, 39 had CHD (20 mild CHD, 13 moderate CHD, and 6 severe CHD), of which 29 had CHD with left-to-right shunting, 5 had obstructive CHD, and 5 had cyanotic CHD. No newborn had clinical signs of hypoperfusion or heart failure, such as prolonged capillary refill, weakened pulses, or coldness of extremities. Peripheral perfusion index level was median (interquartile range) 1.7 (0.6) in healthy newborns, 1.8 (0.7) in newborns with mild CHD, and 1.8 (0.4) in newborns with moderate and severe CHD, and there was no significant difference between the groups regarding peripheral perfusion index level. CONCLUSION: Peripheral perfusion index remains unchanged in newborns with CHD without the clinical signs of hypoperfusion or heart failure. Larger studies with repeated peripheral perfusion index measurements can determine how valuable this method will be in the follow-up of newborns with CHD.

Does transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure affect heart rate variability in children?

BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a sign of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. Its evaluation in pediatric ventricular septal defect (VSD) cases before and after transcatheter closure contributes to an understanding of cardiac autonomic control. METHODS: Nineteen children with VSDs treated with transcatheter closure and 18 healthy children were enrolled in this study. A 24-h Holter rhythm monitor was applied to all patients before VSD closure and to those in the control group. Holter rhythm monitoring was repeated at three months in the patient group. HRV parameters were measured using the Cardio Scan Premier 12® program. Frequency-domain (total power; very-low-frequency, low-frequency (LF), and high-frequency (HF) indices; and the LF/HF ratio) and time-domain (standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of 5-min averages of RR intervals (SDANN), the SDNN index, percentage of the difference between adjacent RR intervals, and the square root of the mean of the sum of square differences between adjacent filtered RR intervals) parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Before the procedure, SDNN, SDANN, and total power values were lower in the patient group than in the control group; other parameters were similar in the two groups. No significant difference in the SDNN, SDANN, or total power was detected between the patient and control groups in the third month, indicating that autonomic control of patients' hearts became normal during the third postoperative month. No correlation was detected between any hemodynamic parameters and any time-domain or frequency-domain parameters before closure. CONCLUSION: This study showed that transcatheter closure of VSDs changed HRV parameters in pediatric patients.

Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects with the MemoPart Atrial Septal Occluder: The Early-Term Results of a Multicenter Study.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt that may lead to pulmonary hypertension over time. Secundum ASD closure with transcatheter technique is currently the preferred method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical experience and early-term outcomes of patients treated with a MemoPart ASD occluder device between June 2013 and June 2019. Fifty-six patients (35 females) with a mean age of 9.4 ± 6.6 years (range: 2-44 years) were included in the study. The diameters of the devices used to close the ASDs were 7-28 mm. The ratio of the device/defect diameter was 1.14:1. Atrial septal defect closure was applied successfully in all patients. The MemoPart septal occluder is a safe and effective device for ASD closure. In wide ASDs and cases with more than one deficient rim, weak rims, or wide and complicated cases, it can be used carefully with sufficient experience.

The immediate haemodynamic response and right and left cardiac remodelling after percutaneous transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children: a longitudinal cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the immediate haemodynamic response and the timing of cardiac remodelling in paediatric secundum atrial septal defect patients who underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure. METHODS: In this longitudinal cohort study with 41 paediatric secundum ASD patients who underwent PTC with Amplatzer Occluder device were assessed for immediate post-interventional haemodynamic response measured by catheterisation and was evaluated for right and left cardiac remodelling during a follow-up period of 12 months by transthoracic echocardiography. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analyses of pre- and post-interventional invasive haemodynamic parameters of the patients, and pre- and post-interventional TTE data compared with the values of the control group consisted of 39 healthy children. RESULTS: The mean diameter of ASD was 13.9 ± 4.7 mm. PTC intervention in all patients completed with 100% success and 0% complication rates. All invasive haemodynamic data, except the ratio of pulmonary resistance to systemic resistance, significantly reduced after PTC (p < 0.05). TTE and PW Doppler revealed that right and left cardiac remodelling started as soon as the post-interventional 24th hour and completed in the 12th month. CONCLUSIONS: This study with a very high interventional success rate can be counted as the first example of research on the haemodynamic response and timing of cardiac remodelling after PTC of secundum ASD in children. We suggest that future multicentric studies with larger cohorts and a comprehensive methodology like ours with longer follow-up periods would better serve to further assess the cardiac remodelling in children after PTC of secundum ASD.

Can microsomal RNA be a biomarker in pulmonary hypertension secondary to bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

AIMS: In long-term follow-up, pulmonary hypertension (PHT) may develop in these patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Microsomal RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding single-strand RNAs. It was shown that miRNA dysregulation contributes to PHT. Up until now, miRNA levels have not been studied in BPD to detect PHT. The main aim of this study is: miRNAs play role in PHT etiopathogenesis in BPD. They can be used as a feasible biomarker for early detection and follow-up of PHT in children with BPD. METHODS: The study included infants who were admitted to the Neonatology Clinic. In all subjects, transthoracic echocardiography was performed by the same pediatric cardiologist. Expression of 25 miRNAs was studied from peripheral blood samples at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: Patients were categorized according to whether they have PHT and BPD. Group 1 included 21 infants who had both BPD and PHT. Group 2 had 17 infants who were diagnosed as BPD but had no PHT. Group 3 was a control group and had 21 infants who did not have BPD and PHT. Significant differences in the expression of 19 of 25 miRNAs were detected. Fifteen of these were in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary hypertension is a disorder developing due to environmental and genetic reasons, in which the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The genes controlled by miRNAs found to be related to PH in our study may have a role in PHT. In the future, it could be possible to establish novel approaches that may contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of PHT by focusing target genes of miRNA found to be related in this study.

Role of kallistatin in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kallistatin, a serine proteinase inhibitor, exerts its effect by vascular repair, angiogenesis inhibition, strong vasodilation, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), antiinflammation, and anti-apoptosis. We hypothesized as to whether it has a protective role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS: The study included 5 subgroups (78 patients; 44 male): Eisenmenger syndrome (n=16), PAH with left to right shunt (n=20), idiopathic PAH (n=7), patients with left to right shunt without PAH (n=19), and patients with innocent heart murmur (n=16). Physical examination, chest radiography, electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were performed for each patient. PAH diagnosis was confirmed by catheterization. Serum kallistatin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were studied for each patient. RESULTS: The lowest median kallistatin value was found in Eisenmenger syndrome: 1.19 (0.87-3.30) µg/ml. The highest value belonged to control group with innocent murmur: 2.89 (1.19-5.66) µg/ml. Serum levels of kallistatin were significantly lower in patients with PAH (p < 0.05). TNF-α values were increased and IL-10 values were decreased in pulmonary hypertension. However; no correlation was found between kallistatin levels and cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Kallistatin may have a protective effect in pulmonary arterial hypertension by repairing vascular damage, inhibition of angiogenesis, strong vasodilator effect, inhibiting VEGF, and anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. To our knowledge, our study is the first one that shows the role of kallistatin in pulmonary hypertension. Kallistatin may represent a promising novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary hypertension in the near future.

Percutaneous ASD closure of children weighing less than 10 kg.

Background: Traditionally the procedure of percutaneous ASD closure is carried out in children weighing more than 15 kg. The aim of this study was to discuss the success, efficacy and safety of the percutaneous closure of symptomatic ASD in children weighing less than 10 kg.Material and methods: This study was performed in two centres. A total of 44 patients were included. Demographic and angiographic data of these patients were gathered retrospectively from patients' records. Main indications for ASD closure were: failure to thrive, recurrent respiratory infections, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and genetic syndromes.Results: Median weight of patients was 9.0(8.12-9.50) kg. Bodyweight of 22 patients was less than 3 percentiles. In the follow-up, this number was lowered to 9 patients at 12 months. Median age of patients was 18.0(12.0-285) months. Minimum age and weight of patients was 3 months and 4.5 kg, respectively. Median mean pulmonary pressure was 24.0(20.0-29.5). The values of median defect size were measured in Cath lab as 13.0(10.75-15.3) mm. Median device size was 13(9-15) mm. Defect size was evaluated according to body weight and body surface area. The ratio of weight per defect size was 0.65(0.54-0.84) also the ratio of body surface area per defect size was 0.032(0.028-0.04). The ratio of total septum per device diameter was 2.5(2.1-3.1). Types of devices used were Amplatzer Septal Occluder, Cera Flex Septal Occluder, Figulla Flex II Atrial Septal Occluder, Memopart Septal Occluder. All cases were closed successfully, but the device had to be retrieved in one patient after successful positioning because it was detected that device compressed the aorta. No major complications were seen.Conclusion: In the experienced centres, percutaneous ASD closure can be done effectively and safely in symptomatic children weighing less than 10 kg.

Effect of fluoxetine and psychotherapy on heart rate variability in children and adolescents diagnosed with panic disorder: 24-hour Holter monitoring study before and after treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Panic disorder (PD) is now recognized as a common and important problem in children, and particularly adolescents, and one that can negatively affect daily well-being and educational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and the severity of symptoms before and after treatment with psychotherapy and fluoxetine. METHODS: The PD study group consisted of 23 children diagnosed with PD and the healthy control (HC) group comprised 27 healthy children. Panic-anxiety symptoms were measured using 2 assessments performed before and after treatment. HRV was evaluated with a 24-hour Holter examination. RESULTS: According to the analysis of the 24-hour, all-day Holter device recordings, the high frequency (HF) and parasympathetic (%) scores in the PD group were lower than those of the HC group (p<0.05). The low frequency (LF)/HF ratio and sympathetic (%) scores in the PD group were higher than those of the HC group (p<0.05). The analysis of daytime readings indicated that the HF values of the PD group were lower than those of the HC group (p<0.05), while the very LF/HF ratio and LF/HF ratio were higher than those of the HC group (p<0.05). Analysis of nighttime Holter results revealed that the rMSSD, pNN50, and HF readings of the PD group were lower than those of the HC group (p<0.05), while the LF/HF ratio in PD patients was higher than that seen in the HC group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In children and adolescents with PD, increased sympathetic activity can cause changes in some HRV parameters. Some of these changes may return to normal with treatment.

Fiberoptic Bronchoscopic Balloon Dilatation of Bronchial Stenosis in Children.

BACKGROUND: Bronchial stenosis and treatment with balloon dilatation are rarely experienced in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the results of fiberoptic bronchoscopic balloon dilatation (BBD) in children. METHODS: Between January 2016 and March 2018, 7 children diagnosed as having bronchial stenosis and who underwent BBD as the first treatment option were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: A total of 10 BBDs were performed in 7 patients with a median age of 10 months. Underlying causes were as follows: prolonged intubation and prematurity in 4 patients, extubation failure in 2 patients, and recurrent pneumonia and malignancy in 1 patient. The only complication was laceration, seen in 2 patients. The patients were symptom free for 11 months. CONCLUSION: BBD is safe, effective, and might be the first-line treatment option for children with bronchial stenosis.

Arrhythmia in thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome.

Argun M, Baykan A, Hatipoglu N, Akin L, Sahin Y, Narin N, Kurtoglu S. Arrhythmia in thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 348-351. Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (TRMAS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia, diabetes mellitus, and progressive sensorineural deafness. Mutations in the SLC19A2 gene that codes for thiamine transporter 1 protein cause TRMAS, and more than 30 homozygous mutations have been identified to date. Congenital heart diseases and arrhythmias have been reported in few patients. We present cardiac features of five patients with TRMAS. Five patients had macrocytic anemia, diabetes mellitus, and sensorineural deafness. Two siblings had also optic atrophy. SLC19A2 gene mutation was shown in all patients. Two patients developed supraventricular tachycardia during an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Five patients had absent P waves on baseline electrocardiography, and one patient had additional low QRS voltage. None of the patients had structural heart disease. Discontinuation of thiamine treatment appears to trigger supraventricular tachycardia episodes at puberty.

Syncope due to complete atrioventricular block and treatment with a transient pacemaker in acute rheumatic fever.

Various rhythm and connection disorders can be seen in the acute phase of acute rheumatic fever. First degree atrioventricular block, one of the minor signs of acute rheumatic fever, is the most common connection disturbance in this disease. Complete atrioventricular block, which seriously affects the conduction pathways, is rare in the literature. A 15-year-old boy was admitted because of syncope caused by complete atrioventricular block and a temporary pacemaker was employed because of symptomatic complete atrioventricular block. The transient pacemaker treatment was terminated due to recovery of complete atrioventricular block on the third day of antiinflammatory treatment. Acute rheumatic fever should be kept in mind as a possible cause of acquired complete atrioventricular block. Connection disturbances in acute rheumatic fever improve with antiinflammatory treatment. Transient pacemaker treatment is indicated for patients with symptomatic transient complete atrioventricular block.

Percutaneous Ventricular Septal Defect Closure in Patients Under 1 Year of Age.

Untreated ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an important cause of congestive heart failure in early infancy. Growth is impaired in this population, and surgical closure is challenging because of congestion in the lungs, making infants prone to respiratory infection, and because of their poor nutritional status. The aim of this study is to share our experience with percutaneous VSD closure in patients under 1 year of age. Patients with hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunt, less than 1 year of age, and with VSD diameter ≤ 6 mm were retrospectively included in the study between December 2014 and January 2017. The median length of follow-up was 8.5 (4-14.2) months. Twelve patients from 2 to 12 months of age, with a median weight of 6.75 (5.4-8) kg, were included. The mean VSD diameter as measured by angiography from the left ventricle side was 4.7 ± 0.25 mm, and from the right ventricle side was 3.4 ± 1.1 mm. All were of a perimembranous type except three, which were muscular. All defects were closed with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADO II) or the ADO II-additional size. The mean fluoroscopy duration and total radiation dose were 22.6 ± 18.7 min and 1674 ± 851 cGy/min, respectively. No aortic regurgitation associated with device closure was seen in any of the patients. Complete atrioventricular block occurred in one patient 6 months after the procedure, and was treated with a permanent pacemaker. VSD closure is challenging, regardless of whether a surgical or percutaneous procedure is used. The risks are higher for children younger than 1 year with low body weight. Percutaneous closure, which carries similar risks but is less invasive than surgery, may be the preferred alternative in early infancy.

Comprehensive Analysis of Liberal and Restrictive Transfusion Strategies in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Background: We prospectively compared restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies for critically ill children regarding hemodynamic and laboratory parameters. Methods: A total of 180 children requiring packed red blood cells (PRBCs) were randomized into two groups: the liberal transfusion strategy group (transfusion trigger < 10 g/dL, Group 1) and the restrictive transfusion strategy group (transfusion trigger ≤ 7 g/dL, Group 2). Basal variables including venous/arterial hemoglobin, hematocrit and lactate levels; stroke volume; and cardiac output were recorded at the beginning and end of the transfusion. Oxygen saturation, noninvasive total hemoglobin, noninvasive total oxygen content, perfusion index (PI), heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were assessed via the Radical-7 Pulse co-oximeter (Masimo, Irvine, CA, USA) with the Root monitor, initially and at 4 h. Results: In all, 160 children were eligible for final analysis. The baseline hemoglobin level for the PRBC transfusion was 7.38 ± 0.98 g/dL for all patients. At the end of the PRBC transfusion, cardiac output decreased by 9.9% in Group 1 and by 24% in Group 2 (p < 0.001); PI increased by 10% in Group 1 and by 45% in Group 2 (p < 0.001). Lactate decreased by 9.8% in Group 1 and by 31.68% in Group 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Restrictive blood transfusion strategy is better than liberal transfusion strategy with regard to the hemodynamic and laboratory values during the early period. PI also provides valuable information regarding the efficacy of PRBC transfusion in clinical practice.

Percutaneous closure of aorta-right atrial tunnel in a newborn.

A tunnel between the aorta and right atrium in a newborn was occluded with 5×6 Amplatzer Duct Occluder II-Additional Size. Our case is different because of enlarged right atrium and atypical location of tunnel orifice.

Is hypertension the fate of aortic coarctation patients treated with Cheatham Platinum (CP) stent?

AIM: The aim of this study is to address the presence of hypertension and risk for cardiovascular diseases in patients with Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) who were treated with endovascular stent placement. METHODS: Twenty patients (mean age: 14.2 ± 3.9 years) who were treated with stent and 20 age- and sex-matched controls were included to the study. Structure and functions of left ventricle were assessed by echocardiography. Carotid intima media (CIM) thickness was measured by using sonography as a marker for detecting cardiovascular risk. As indirect marker of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index were recorded by ambulatory blood pressure monitorization/arteriography device. RESULTS: By ambulatory blood pressure monitorization, 24 h and daytime systolic and mean arterial pressure values were found to be significantly higher in patient group. Based on percentile values, 15% and 5% of patients were pre-hypertensive and hypertensive, respectively. Pulse wave velocity and cardiac output values were found to be significantly higher than control group. CIM thickness was also found to be significantly higher in patient group when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that hypertension incidence as demonstrated by ambulatory blood pressure monitorization and risk for cardiovascular diseases as indicated by CIM thickness and Pulse wave velocity were higher than those in healthy population even after CoA is corrected.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure in preterms less than 2kg: Surgery versus transcatheter.

BACKGROUND: As new devices come into the market, percutaneous techniques improve and interventionalists become more experienced; percutaneous closure gets more common in preterms. In this study we aimed to compare efficacy and safety of Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure surgically versus transcatheter method in preterms <2kg. Best of our knowledge this study is the first one that compares outcomes of surgery and percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure in preterms. METHODS & RESULTS: Between the dates July 1997 to October 2014 in our center Patent Ductus Arteriosus of 26 patients <2kg were closed percutaneously (Group A) and 31 less than 2kg operated (Group B). Weight of patients in percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure group was significantly more than the surgery group. Mean gestational age of the patients in Group A was 30±1.8weeks, in group B was 28.6±3.5weeks. In group A; all cases were closed successfully except 4 cases: device embolization in 2, cardiac tamponade and iatrogenic aortic coarctation were seen. Pneumomediastinum and chylothorax were the major complications of the surgery group. There was no statistically significance between complication and success rates between two groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus closure is the candidate for taking the place of surgery in preterms. However, it is not applied routinely; can only be done in fully equipped large centers by experienced interventionalists.