Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular , Heart Failure , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/mortality , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control , Global Health , Heart Failure/complications , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/mortality , Humans , Incidence , Survival Rate/trendsABSTRACT
The relationship of non-specific sensitivity to post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity has been the subject of controversy. This relationship has an important bearing on the common practice of using post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity for assessing BCG vaccination in areas with a high prevalence of non-specific sensitivity. If post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity is found to be dependent on the amount of already existing, naturally acquired, non-specific sensitivity it could not be considered a reliable measure of the success of BCG vaccination. In a recent BCG trial in India a large number of persons were tested with PPD-S and PPD-B and also vaccinated with BCG vaccine or injected with placebo, by random allocation. Mutually exclusive random samples of the study population were retested with PPD-S at 2 1/2 months, 2 1/2 years and 4 years after vaccination. At each post-vaccination test the tuberculin sensitivity obtained among the placebo-injected controls provided a measure of the tuberculin sensitivity due to non-specific sensitivity that would have been present in the absence of BCG vaccination. The difference between the mean size of reactions to the post-vaccination test among the vaccinated and among the unvaccinated controls provided a measure of tuberculin sensitivity that was wholly due to BCG vaccination. Thus it was possible to separate and study the two components of post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity. The results of the study indicate that post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity can be used to assess BCG vaccination in areas with a high prevalence of non-specific sensitivity, provided the assessment is done in younger age groups and based on post-vaccination tuberculin sensitivity as measured at 2-3 months after vaccination and not later.
Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine , Hypersensitivity, Delayed/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Immunity, Innate , India , Infant , Male , Tuberculin TestSubject(s)
Histoplasmosis/prevention & control , Adolescent , Child , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Histoplasmosis/immunology , Humans , KentuckyABSTRACT
Sensitivity profiles to 6 mycobacterial skin test antigens prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. intracellulare, M. avium and M. fortuitum were obtained in 6 groups of guinea pigs, each infected with one of the 6 mycobacterial species. Each group of animals showed the greatest sensitivity towards the homologous antigen. A second infection with a different species was super-imposed two months after the skin tests; the sensitivity towards the second species usually became dominant. Sensitivity profiles with the 6 antigens in a large random sample of the population of a district of Haiti resembled closely the sensitivity profiles for all the guinea pigs infected with two mycobacterial species. This suggested that the Haitian population consisted of a mixture of persons infected with one or more mycobacteria. Haitians with the largest to an antigen, which was at least 6 mm in diameter and at least 2 mm larger than the reaction to any other antigen, were assumed to be infected with the corresponding mycobacterial species. Sensitivity profiles of these persons resembled closely the sensitivity profiles of guinea pigs infected with the same species. In the Haitian population prevalence of infection with other mycobacterial species was much more common than infection with M tuberculosis. In spite of this, after 15 years of age only the tuberculosis infection rates increased with age, suggesting that allergy produced by M. tuberculosis infection was stronger and subject to much less waning than allergy produced by other mycobacterial infections.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Intradermal Tests , Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium/immunology , Skin Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross Reactions , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Infant , Species Specificity , Tuberculin Test , Tuberculosis/diagnosisSubject(s)
Immunization, Secondary , Tuberculin Test , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Research DesignABSTRACT
The neuroendocrine system of Chrysocoris stollii has been described with the help of PF bulk-stained preparations and sections. Two groups of median neurosecretory cells (NSC), each consisting of 5 A-cells in females and 7 A-cells in male individuals together with 3 B-cells, have been observed in the pars intercerebralis medialis of the brain. The lateral neurosecretory cells are absent. The axons of the two groups of median neurosecretory cells give off two bundles of neurosecretory axonal pathways which decussate in the anterodorsal part of the protocerebrum. From the point of decussation the two pathways run deep into the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum and emerge from the tritocerebrum as nervi corporis I (NCC I). The NCC I of both the sides enter into the aorta wall. The NSM is present in the aorta wall only, which comes from the bain through the NCC I. The nervi corporis cardiaci II (NCC II) are two short nerves originating from the tritocerebrum and entering the corpora cardiaca of its side. Two posteriorly fused oval corpora cardiaca are present below the aorta and dorsal to the oesophagus. A single semicircular corpus allatum is present behind the corpora cardiaca. Two oval A-type neurosecretory cells are present in the suboesophageal ganglion whereas other ganglia of the nerve cord lack the NSC. The aorta acts as a neurohaemal organ in this insect.
