Mortality in relation to urinary and faecal incontinence in elderly people living at home.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between incontinence and mortality in elderly people living at home. DESIGN: Of the randomly selected people aged 65 years and older living in Settsu city, Osaka in October 1992, 1405 were contacted and constituted the study cohort. Follow-up for 42 months was completed for 1318 (93.8%; 1129 alive, 189 dead). MEASURES: Data on general health status, history of health management, psychosocial conditions and urinary and faecal incontinence were collected by interview during home visits at the time of enrolment. RESULTS: From the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the estimated survival rates decreased with a decline in continence in both the 65-74 and 75 years and older age groups. From the Cox proportional hazards model, unadjusted hazard ratios of minor, moderate and severe incontinence for mortality, compared with continence, were 2.27, 2.96 and 5.94, respectively. Multivariate analysis yielded adjusted hazard ratios of minor, moderate and severe incontinence of 0.99, 1.17 and 1.91, respectively, leaving severe incontinence as the significant factor, when other indicators are controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence is related to mortality and severe incontinence represents an increased risk factor for mortality in elderly people living at home.

Physical and mental correlates of hearing impairment in the elderly in Japan.

Seven hundred and forty seven elderly people aged from 65 to 98 (209 male and 538 female) admitted to the Geriatric Health Service Facility were evaluated with pure-tone audiometry, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) personal care severity score, OPCS hearing severity score, Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). A single correlation study indicated that the hearing level significantly correlated with age, OPCS hearing severity score, MMSE total score and SDS total score. A multiple regression analysis showed that age, OPCS hearing severity score, and MMSE total score were significantly associated with the hearing level. We demonstrated here that the objective auditory function strongly correlated with the cognitive function measured by MMSE total score, suggesting that a regular audiological check-up and the early detection of the hearing impairment could contribute to the maintenance of the quality of life in the elderly.

Relationships of disability, health management and psychosocial conditions to cause-specific mortality among a community-residing elderly people.

To examine the factors associated with cause-specific mortality, a cohort of 1,405 randomly selected elderly people aged 65 years and over living in Settsu, Osaka Prefecture, was followed up for 54 months. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model identified male sex, age, disability, medical treatment, and no participation in social activities as independent factors for overall mortality. Use of health checks and daily health enhancing practices showed an independent negative association with overall mortality. As for cause-specific mortality, male sex was a constant factor for the three major causes of death: cancer, heart disease and stroke. Advanced age and no participation in social activities showed a close association with heart disease mortality, while disability and medical treatment were independent factors for death caused by stroke and cancer, respectively. Use of health checks and daily health enhancing practices exhibited a strong negative association with all three major causes of death. The same tendencies were seen after those who reported undergoing medical treatment for the index diseases of heart disease and stroke at entry were excluded. These results suggest that predictive factors for mortality vary for specific causes of death, but that health promoting measures contribute to a reduction in mortality related to three major causes of death, thus resulting in a decrease in overall mortality among the elderly.

[Urinary and fecal incontinence in a community-residing elderly population: prevalence, correlates and prognosis].

To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of urinary and fecal incontinence and examine its prognosis among a community-residing elderly population, a randomly selected sample of 1473 elderly people, aged 65 years and over, living in the City of Settsu, Osaka, was investigated in October 1992. Data was obtained from 1405 for a response rate of 95.4%. The cohort of 1405 was followed for 38 months and follow-up was completed for 1325 (94.3%). The main results were as follows: 1) The prevalence of urinary incontinence of any degree was 9.8% in both sexes, and 8.7% men and 6.6% women admitted to some degree of fecal incontinence. 3.4% and 2.0% of the elderly were daily incontinent in urine and feces, respectively. There was an increasing prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence with age in both sexes. 2) By univariate analyses, age older than 75 years, low activities of daily living (ADL), stroke, dementia, no participation in social activities, and lack of a perception of having a life worth living were significantly associated with both urinary and fecal incontinence. In the multivariate analyses using logistic regression, age older than 75 years and low ADL were significantly associated with any type of incontinence. Stroke was associated with incontinence less than once a day, while dementia was associated with incontinence more than once a day. 3) From analysis by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, the estimated survival rates were higher among the elderly without incontinence than among those with incontinence, and tended to become low with the increased frequency of incontinence in both urine and feces. 4) From Cox proportional hazards model analysis, less than once daily fecal incontinence and once or more fecal and urinary incontinence daily remained as statistically significant factors associated with survival, controlling for other factors.

Urinary and fecal incontinence in a community-residing older population in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of urinary and fecal incontinence among a community-residing older population in Japan. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A randomly selected sample of 1473 people aged 65 years and older living in the City of Settsu, Osaka, in 1992. MEASURES: Data collected via in-home visits were used to estimate the prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence and to provide information regarding potential risk factors of urinary and fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 1405 older adults, a response rate of 95.4%. The prevalence of any degree of urinary incontinence was 98/1000 in both sexes, and 87/ 1000 men and 66/1000 women admitted to some degree of fecal incontinence. Daily, 34/1000 and 20/1000 of the population were incontinent of urine and feces, respectively. There was an increasing prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence with age in both sexes, but the expected greater prevalence in women was not found. By univariate analyses, age older than 75 years, poor general health as measured by Activities of Daily Living, stroke, dementia, no participation in social activities, and lack of life worth living (Ikigai) were associated significantly with both urinary and fecal incontinence. In the multivariate analyses using logistic regression, age older than 75 years, poor general health, and stroke were independent risk factors for any type of incontinence. Diabetes was an independent risk factor for isolated fecal incontinence, and dementia and no participation in social activities were independent risk factors for double incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence of urine and feces is a prevalent condition among very old people living in the community in Japan and is associated highly with health and psychosocial conditions.

[Mortality in relation to disabilities, health, management and psycho-social conditions among the community-residing elderly people].

To examine the predictive factors for the survival among community-residing elderly people, a cohort of 1405 randomly selected elderly people, aged 65 years and over, living in S City, Osaka, was investigated in October 1992 and followed for 38 months. Follow-up was completed for 1,325 (94.3%) (154 deceased and 1,171 alive). The main results were as follows: 1. From the Cox proportional hazards model analysis of survival, controlling for age and sex, hazard ratios for disabilities of communication, intellectual functioning, behaviour, locomotion, locomotion, personal care, and urinary and fecal incontinence were significantly higher than 1 (1.50-3.14). On the other hand, hazard ratios for participation in health examinations, daily preventive health practices, participation in social activity, and having a sense of life worth living were significantly lower than 1 (0.43, 0.37, 0.44 and 0.52, respectively). 2. From the Cox proportional hazards model using the likelihood-ratio forward method, disability scores of communication and locomotion showed significant hazard ratios (1.08 and 1.14, respectively), and for these hazard ratios were 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI); 1.13-1.91) and 1.92 (95% CI; 1.52-2.44), respectively when comparing a score of 5 to a score of 0. Hazard ratios for participating in health examinations and daily preventive health practices were 0.44 (95% CI; 0.31-0.63) and 0.58 (95% CI; 0.38-0.88), respectively, and remained as statistically significant factors associated with survival. 3. Health management efforts such as health examinations and daily preventive health practices can be assumed to be able to enhance the prognosis of the elderly.

Time course of vestibular function in patients with menière's disease following vestibular nerve section.

Harmonic acceleration rotational test and vestibular autorotation test (VAT) were performed on 8 patients with Menière's disease before and after vestibular nerve section. Sinusoidal rotations of 0.01-0.64 Hz were used in the HA rotational test. VAT was performed at frequencies between 0.5 and 6 Hz. Two weeks after operation, almost all the patients consistently showed response asymmetry toward the healthy ear at all stimulus frequencies and a reduction in sensitivity to rotational stimuli at 0.01 Hz in the HA rotational test. Prior to surgery, the time constant of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) varied according to the residual vestibular function of each patient. The time constant then dropped to a mean of 4.2 s after the operation. In the VAT, almost all the patients showed a gain reduction at all frequency ranges on the seventh postoperative day. These findings suggest that response asymmetry and gain at 0.01 Hz in the HA rotational test are valuable for evaluating the time course of the compensation of the vestibular function after surgery and that the VOR time constant is useful in detecting whether the vestibular nerve has been sectioned correctly.

Clinical characteristics and hearing recovery in perilymphatic fistulas of different etiologies.

Clinical features and hearing recovery were compared between three types of perilymphatic fistula groups; surgically confirmed (PLF-conf, n = 16), suspected (PLF-susp, n = 24) and traumatic (trauma-PLF, n = 11). Initial average hearing level was best in the PLF-susp group (50.9 dBHL), followed by the trauma-PLF (55.7 dBHL) and PLF-conf (59.7 dBHL) groups, though the difference was not significant (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Of 51 patients, 27 cases were operated on and fistula was confirmed in 19 ears (70.4%). Conservative treatment, including bed rest and medication, was given to all patients. After the treatment, meaningful hearing recovery was obtained only at 1 kHz in the PLF-conf group (paired t-test, p < 0.05). However, significant recovery was seen at all frequency ranges (0.125-8 kHz) in the PLF-susp group (average, 16.8 dB; p < 0.01), while hearing improvement was intermediate for the trauma-PLF group. The initial hearing level and the period until the start of treatment strongly correlated with the final hearing level. Although 27 patients (47%) complained of dizziness, the prognosis for vertigo is excellent as noted by other authors. It was concluded that if conservative treatment is started early for PLF patients with mild hearing loss, hearing recovery can be ensured.

Hearing recovery following large and small fenestra stapes surgery for otosclerosis.

Fifty-five ear of 49 patients with otosclerosis were operated on with either large fenestra stapes (stapedectomy; SDE) or small fenestra stapes (stapedectomy; STO) surgery. Pre-operative average hearing levels for the speech frequency ranges (0.5, 1, 2 kHz) were 56.1 dBHL for SDE and 61.0 dBHL for STO. These improved to 39.0 dBHL and 35.0 dBHL. Statistically, significant hearing recovery was obtained for a frequency range from 0.125 to 2 kHz for SDE and from 0.125 to 4 kHz for STO (p < 0.05, Dunnett's multiple variance test). The degree of post-operative hearing improvement for STO was significantly higher at 0.5, 2 and 8 kHz than that for SDE (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). A pre-operative speech discrimination score of 80% was obtained at 68.9 dB for SDE and at 76.0 dB for STO. These values improved to 56.1 dB and 49.5 dB post-operatively. Thus, it was proved that STO results in better hearing than SDE does.

Hearing recovery in sudden deafness patients using a modified defibrinogenation therapy.

Ninety-eight patients with idiopathic sudden deafness were treated with a modified defibrinogenation (DF) therapy including batroxobin, low molecular dextran, vasodilators and vitamins. Hearing improvement was evaluated with two methods: categorical judgement and improvement rate (%). By categorical judgement, 60 patients (61% of the total) were classified into recovery or good improvement categories. The improvement rate was calculated for each of the 93 patients, and the average value was 64%. Modified DF therapy was effective especially for patients with severe hearing loss of 70-90 dB with flat audiogram. Although serum fibrinogen significantly decreased after batroxobin administration there was no correlation between the concentration of fibrinogen and hearing recovery. When prognostic factors were studied, the interval between the onset of hearing loss and start of treatment, initial hearing level, and the existence of vertigo all had significant correlation with the degree of hearing recovery.