Estudio exploratorio sobre la situación de los comités de ética frente a emergencias sanitarias y brotes de enfermedades en Latinoaméricay Caribe / Estudi exploratori sobre la situació dels comitès d'ètica davant d'emergències sanitàries i brots de malalties a Llatinoamèrica i Carib / Ethics committee’ssituation facing health emergencies and disease outbreaks, an exploratory study in LatinAmericaand the Caribbean

Se realizó un estudio exploratorio a través de una encuesta a Comités de Ética en países de América Latina y el Caribede habla hispana, con el fin de relevar su situación frente a emergencias sanitarias y consultar los dilemas éticos enfrentados en las investigaciones para COVID-19. Se obtuvieron respuestas de 106 comités, pertenecientes a 14 países.Solamente el 24% respondió que existía una red de comunicación eficiente y efectiva entre comités, previa a la pandemia. El 45% respondió queno existían en su región comités específicos para evaluar proyectos vinculados a emergencias sanitarias con anterioridad a la pandemia. El porcentaje de CEI que disponía de procedimientos previos para evaluar investigaciones en situaciones de emergencias sanitarias, fue sólo de 7%, si bien el 52% estaba en proceso de elaboración a raíz de la pandemia.El porcentaje de CEI que consideró razonable un tiempo inferior a 5 días para la evaluación de proyectos de investigación, varió en virtud del diseño: 32% para los estudios observacionales y 12% para los ensayos clínicos con drogas o con vacunas.Los tres problemas éticos principales identificados en los estudios para COVID estuvieron relacionados con el consentimiento informado, los aspectos metodológicos y la poca información previa o falta de evidencia para los productos de investigación.Consideramos que debemos reformular la manera de pensar los problemas éticos de las emergencias hacia un abordaje global, con un enfoque preventivo, donde las redes de colaboración entre los CEI deberían convertirse en regla.(AU)

Es va realitzar un estudi exploratori a través d'una enquesta a Comitès d'Ètica a països d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib de parla hispana, per rellevar la seva situació davant d'emergències sanitàries i consultar els dilemes ètics enfrontats a les investigacions per a COVID-19. S'obtingueren respostes de 106 comitès, pertanyents a 14 països. Només el 24% va respondre que existia una xarxa de comunicació eficient i efectiva entre comitès, prèvia a la pandèmia. El 45% va respondre que no existien a la seva regió comitès específics per avaluar projectes vinculats a emergències sanitàries amb anterioritat a la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que disposava de procediments previs per avaluar investigacions en situacions d'emergències sanitàries va ser només de 7%, si bé el 52% estava en procés d'elaboració arran de la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que va considerar raonable un temps inferior a 5 dies per a l'avaluació de projectes de recerca va variar en virtut del disseny: 32% per als estudis observacionals i 12% per als assaigs clínics ambdrogues o amb vacunes.Els tres problemes ètics principals identificats als estudis per a COVID van estar relacionats amb el consentiment informat, els aspectes metodològics i la poca informació prèvia o manca d'evidència per als productes de recerca. Considerem que cal reformular la manera de pensar els problemes ètics de les emergències cap a un abordatge global, amb un enfocament preventiu, on les xarxes de col·laboració entre els CEI haurien de convertir-se en regla.(AU)

An exploratory study was carried out through a survey of Ethics Committees in Spanish-speaking Latin American and Caribbean countries, to assess their situation in the face of health emergencies and consult the ethical dilemmas faced in research for COVID-19. Responses were obtained from 106 committees, belonging to 14 countries.Only 24% responded that there was an efficient and effective communication network between committees, before the pandemic. 45% responded that there were no specific committees in their regions to evaluate projects linked to health emergencies before the pandemic. The percentage of RECs that had prior procedures to evaluate research in health emergencies was only 7%, although 52% were in the process of being prepared as a result of the pandemic.The percentage of RECs that reasonably expected less than 5 days to evaluate research projects varied by design: 32% for observational studies and 12% for clinical drug or vaccine trials.The three main ethical problems identified in the studies for COVID were related to informed consent, methodological aspects, and little prior information or lack of evidence for investigational products.We believe that we must reformulate the way of thinking about the ethical problems of emergencies towards a global approach, with a preventive approach, where collaboration networks between the RECs will not become the rule.(AU)

Personas con VIH en hospitales públicos de CABA: antirretrovirales y respuestas al tratamiento. Aún lejos de los objetivos de la OMS / People with HIV in Public Hospitals of CABA: Antiretrovirals and treatment responses. Still far from WHO ́s goals

Introducción: Se estima que en Argentina son 129 mil las personas que poseen el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, aunque un 20% de ellas lo desconoce. El 20% de 5800 nuevos casos por año en el país corresponden a CABA. No hay datos sobre la situación de pacientes que se atienden en hospitales públicos de CABA con respecto a objetivos de la OMS. Objetivo: Analizar esquemas antirretrovirales y situación virológica e inmunológica de las personas con VIH (PcVIH) en TAR que se asisten hospitales públicos de CABA. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, bajo muestreo por conveniencia. Análisis de datos obtenidos del Sistema de Administración de Pacientes VIH (SVIH), activos a junio de 2018. Es dable aclarar que la primera parte se refiere a la fuente de información, y que sean activos a junio de 2018 se refiere a criterio de inclusión y periodo de análisis respectivamente. Variables analizadas: sexo, edad, distribución de TAR, CV y CD4 utilizando el programa SPSS 20. Resultados: 6878 PcVIH en TAR, 66,6% hombres. 79% con al menos 1 CV. De ellas, con CV indetectables (<40 copias) 62% (78% del total de PcVIH con CV). Datos de CD4 en 56% PcVIH: 65% con >500. En primera línea de TAR 88,3%: 42% IP potenciados, 45% INNTI, 13% INSTI. De CV indetectables (<40 copias), 92% en primera línea de TAR (significativo) y de las detectables, 80%. INNTI como tercera droga, significativo para CV indetectable (<40 copias). 45% de PcVIH en TAR sin CV y/o CD4. Discusión: La muestra representa la mitad de las PcV1 de CABA atendidas en el sistema público. Más de la mitad de la población estudiada se encuentra indetectable (<40 copias). INNTI siguen siendo las terceras drogas más utilizadas. Alto % de PcVIH en TAR sin CV y/o CD4. Insuficientes laboratorios (CV y CD4), baja disponibilidad de datos y lejanía del objetivo de OMS indican deficiencias del sistema de salud. Mejoras en acceso a TAR, a determinaciones de laboratorio, y en la calidad de los datos son necesarios.

Introduction: HIV infection is significant in Buenos Aires City. 20% of 5800 new cases/year in the country are from this region. There ́s no data about PLwHIV treated in public hospitals of Buenos Aires City about WHO objectivesObjetives: To know and analyze the situation PLwHIV treated in p ublic hospitals of Buenos Aires City about treatment, and virological and immunological responses.Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study. Data obtained from the Administration System of HIV Patients actives in June 2018. Variables analyzed: gender, age, ART distribution, VL and CD4 counts, with SPSS 20 ProgramResults: 6878 PLwHIV on ART, 66,6% male. 79% with at least 1 VL. Of them, 62% with undetectable VL (78% of all PLwHIV with VL). CD4 data in 56% PLwHIV: 65% >500: In 1st line of TAR 88,3%: 42% boosted IPs, 45% NNRTIs, 13% INIs. Of PLwHIV with undetectable VL, 92% in 1st line of ART (significant). NNRTIs significant for undetectable VL.Discussion:Our cohort represents 50% de los PLwHIV of Buenos Aires City. 62% currently with undetectable VL. NNRTIs still the more used 3rd antiretroviral. High % of PLwHIV on ART without VL and/or CD4 count. Not enough laboratory determinations (VLs and CD4 counts), low data ava ilability and remoteness of WHO ́s goals for 2020, show health system ́s weakness. Improvements in Access to ART and laboratory determinations and in the data availability andquality are necessary.

The role of E-cadherin and ß-catenin in laryngeal cancer.

Epithelial cadherins with catenins form the E-cadherin-catenin complex that acts on cell-to-cell adhesion. The loss of these complex lead to the reduction or absence of epithelial cadherin expression in the cell membrane, cytoplasmic accumulation of ß-catenin and its translocation to the nucleus, contributing to carcinogenic events. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of epithelial cadherin and ß-catenin in patients with laryngeal tumor. A retrospective study of 52 patients with glottic or supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma was conducted and evaluated according to the tumor site, histological differentiation, TNM stage, survival analysis and compared with the immunohistochemical expression of epithelial cadherin and ß-catenin. We observed statistically significant association between the epithelial cadherin expression reduction and supraglottic localization of the lesion, the presence of cervical metastasis, poorly differentiated tumors and locally advanced tumors when in glottic topography. Related to the expression of ß-catenin, statistical significance was also found to the presence of cervical metastasis and tumor of low differentiation with the decreased expression of this marker. Regarding survival analysis, the low expression of ß-catenin is related to worse overall survival and the reduction of expression of both markers to worse disease-free survival. We concluded that the reduction in expression of the markers studied leads to a prognostic impact as they are related to tumors with greater local aggressiveness and presence of cervical metastasis.

Submandibular gland excision.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the value of fine needle aspiration and the rates of postoperative complications in patients undergoing resection of the submandibular gland. METHODS: we analyzed the records of patients treated with resection of the gland from January 1995 to December 2008. The data collected included age, gender, findings on clinical history, surgical procedure, results of fine needle aspiration (FNA), pathological diagnosis and complications. RESULTS: 117 patients were studied, aged 12-89 years (mean 48), 70 women and 47 men. Thirty-nine patients (33.3%) were affected by inflammatory diseases (28 patients with lithiasis), 70 had benign tumors, and malignant tumors, eight. Regarding FNA, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. Nine patients (7.7%) had temporary paralysis of the marginal mandibular nerve and one had permanent paralysis. CONCLUSION: resection of the submandibular gland is a safe procedure, with low complication rates.

Submandibular gland excision / Ressecção da glândula submandibular

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value of fine needle aspiration and the rates of postoperative complications in patients undergoing resection of the submandibular gland. METHODS: we analyzed the records of patients treated with resection of the gland from January 1995 to December 2008. The data collected included age, gender, findings on clinical history, surgical procedure, results of fine needle aspiration (FNA), pathological diagnosis and complications. RESULTS: 117 patients were studied, aged 12-89 years (mean 48), 70 women and 47 men. Thirty-nine patients (33.3%) were affected by inflammatory diseases (28 patients with lithiasis), 70 had benign tumors, and malignant tumors, eight. Regarding FNA, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. Nine patients (7.7%) had temporary paralysis of the marginal mandibular nerve and one had permanent paralysis. CONCLUSION: resection of the submandibular gland is a safe procedure, with low complication rates.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o valor da punção aspirativa por agulha fina e os índices de complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes submetidos à ressecção da glândula submandibular. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os prontuários de pacientes tratados com a ressecção da glândula, de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2008. Os dados coletados foram: idade, sexo, achados na história clínica, procedimento cirúrgico, resultados da punção por aspiração com agulha fina (PAAF), diagnóstico anatomopatológico e complicações. RESULTADOS: foram estudados 117 pacientes, com idade variando de 12 a 89 anos (média, 48 anos), sendo 70 mulheres e 47 homens. Trinta e nove pacientes (33,3%) foram acometidos por doenças inflamatórias (28 pacientes com litíase), 70 tiveram tumores benignos e oito tumores malignos. A respeito da PAAF, a sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 85,7% e 100%, respectivamente. Nove pacientes (7,7%) tiveram paralisia temporária do nervo mandibular marginal e um apresentou paralisia definitiva. CONCLUSÃO: a ressecção da glândula submandibular é um procedimento seguro, com baixa taxa de complicações.

Schwannoma of the arythenoid.

Schwannoma is a benign encapsulated tumor that originates from the Schwann cells lining nerve fibers outside the central nervous system. We report a rare case of schwannoma that arose from the left arythenoid cartilage The patient underwent excision of the mass through microlaryngeal endoscopic procedure. No recurrence was observed during follow-up.

Schwannoma of the arythenoid / Schwanoma de aritenoide

Schwannoma is a benign encapsulated tumor that originates from the Schwann cells lining nerve fibers outside the central nervous system. We report a rare case of schwannoma that arose from the left arythenoid cartilage The patient underwent excision of the mass through microlaryngeal endoscopic procedure. No recurrence was observed during follow-up.

O schwanoma é um tumor benigno encapsulado, que tem origem nas células de Schwann que revestem as fibras nervosas, fora do sistema nervoso central. É relatado aqui um caso raro de um schwanoma que surgiu da aritenoide esquerda. A paciente foi submetida à excisão da massa por meio de procedimento de endoscopia microlaríngea. Nenhuma recorrência foi observada durante o seguimento.

Cervical hibernoma and lipoblastomatosis.

Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are rare benign soft-tissue tumoral lesions resembling fetal adipose tissue. A total of 16 cases of lipoblastoma of the neck were reported in the literature, and only 3 were described in the posterior side of the neck. Hibernoma is a rare benign adipose tumor composed of brown fat cells and only about ten cases occurring in the cervical area have been reported. We reported two rare cases of adipose tissue tumors. The first case was a male infant aged 12 months who had a cervical mass on the posterior side of the neck. He underwent a complete resection of the lesion and the pathologic study revealed lipoblastomatosis. The second case was a 36-year-old man with an anterior cervical mass, which moved with swallowing. A resection was made and the histological analysis showed hibernoma.

Hibernoma cervical e lipoblastomatose / Cervical hibernoma and lipoblastomatosis

Lipoblastoma e lipoblastomatose são lesões tumorais benignas dos tecidos moles similares ao tecido adiposo fetal. Na literatura, apenas 16 casos de lipoblastoma na região do pescoço foram relatados e, destes, somente 3 foram descritos na região posterior do pescoço. Hibernomas são tumores benignos raros do tecido adiposo composto por células gordurosas marrons. Foram descritos cerca de dez casos desses tumores na região cervical. Este artigo relatou dois casos raros de tumores do tecido adiposo. No primeiro caso, tratou-se de criança do gênero masculino, com 12 meses de idade, com aparecimento de massa cervical na região posterior do pescoço. A ressecção completa da lesão foi realizada, e o estudo patológico revelou lipoblastomatose. O segundo caso ocorreu em um homem de 36 anos com massa cervical anterior, que se movia com a deglutição. Após ressecção à análise histopatológica mostrou hibernoma.

Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are rare benign soft-tissue tumoral lesions resembling fetal adipose tissue. A total of 16 cases of lipoblastoma of the neck were reported in the literature, and only 3 were described in the posterior side of the neck. Hibernoma is a rare benign adipose tumor composed of brown fat cells and only about ten cases occurring in the cervical area have been reported. We reported two rare cases of adipose tissue tumors. The first case was a male infant aged 12 months who had a cervical mass on the posterior side of the neck. He underwent a complete resection of the lesion and the pathologic study revealed lipoblastomatosis. The second case was a 36-year-old man with an anterior cervical mass, which moved with swallowing. A resection was made and the histological analysis showed hibernoma.

Carcinoma linfoepitelial de parótida / Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland

Carcinomas linfoepiteliais (LEC) são responsáveis poraproximadamente 0,4% dos tumores malignos da glândulasalivar, sendo uma variante do carcinoma indiferenciado comcaracterístico estroma linfoide denso. Existe forte associaçãoentre a lesão e a infecção pelo vírus Epstein Barr (EBV).Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do gênero masculino, 42anos, com abaulamento em região parotídea esquerda de cercade 6 cm, com crescimento lento e progressivo. Foi realizadaparotidectomia total. O diagnóstico anatomopatológico foi deneoplasia linfoepitelial parotídea multinodular. O tratamentocirúrgico associado à radioterapia pós-operatória é o principaltratamento empregado para LEC das glândulas salivares maiores.Recomenda-se radioterapia pós-operatória do leito tumoral e dopescoço ipsilateral porque LEC são altamente radiossensíveise a radioterapia pode erradicar a doença residual microscópicacompletamente. Esvaziamento cervical é reservado para ospacientes que apresentam linfonodos cervicais clinicamenteevidentes.

Lymphoepithelial carcinomaa (LEC) are responsible forapproximately 0.4% of malignant tumors of the salivary glandand are a variant of undifferentiated carcinoma with characteristicdense lymphoid stroma. A strong association has beendemonstrated between the lesion and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)infection. We present a case of a 42 years-old man with bulgingin the left parotid region of about 6 cm with slow and progressivegrowing. Total parotidectomy was performed. The pathologicaldiagnosis was multinodular parotid lymphoepithelial neoplasm.The surgical treatment associated with postoperative radiotherapyis the main treatment for LEC of the salivary glands. Postoperativeradiation therapy to the tumor bed and ipsilateral neck because isrecommended, since LEC are highly radiosensitive, and radiationtherapy can completely eradicate microscopic residual disease.Neck dissection is reserved for patients who have clinically evidentcervical lymph nodes.

Valor de predição para malignidade dos aspectos macroscópicos do nódulo tireoidiano / Predictive value for malignancy of the thyroid nodule macroscopically

Introdução: A punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) é um método de alta acurácia no diagnóstico pré-operatório dos nódulos tireoidianos, mas o "padrão folicular" segue sendo um fator de falha. Por outro lado, a utilidade do exame intra-operatório de congelação é controversa. Aspectos macroscópicos dos nódulos tireoidianos podem aumentar a acurácia diagnóstica pré e intra-operatória da PAAF e a biópsia de congelação. Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos macroscópicos do espécime cirúrgico na tomada de decisão frente à doença nodular da glândula tireoide. Método: Durante 2007, 85 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por doença nodular tireoidiana foram avaliados por estudo prospectivo e os aspectos macroscópicos de 125 nódulos foram comparados aos achado histopatológicos. Resultados: Foi observado que o padrão de crescimento recente, a presença de aderências da tireoide, a ausência de hemorragia, a presença de necrose e a má delimitação do nódulo tiveram significado estatístico no resultado de doença maligna. Conclusão: Padrão de crescimento, aderências da tireoide, necrose e a má delimitação do nódulo são fatores indicativos de malignidade, enquanto a presença de hemorragia é fator protetor.

Introduction: The fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a method of high accuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules, but the "follicular" remains a factor of failure. Furthermore, the usefulness of intraoperative examination of freezing is controversial. Macroscopic aspects of thyroid nodules may increase the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative and intraoperative FNA biopsy and freezing. Objective: To evaluate the macroscopic aspects of the surgical specimen in the decision facing the nodular disease of thyroid gland. Methods: During 2007, 85 patients underwent surgical treatment for thyroid nodular diseases were evaluated by prospective and macroscopic aspects of 125 nodules were compared with histopathological findings. Results: We found that the pattern of recent growth, the presence of adhesions of the thyroid, absence of hemorrhage, necrosis and poor demarcation of the nodule had statistical significance in the outcome of malignant disease. Conclusion:Pattern of growth, thyroid adhesions, necrosis and poor demarcation of the nodule are predictors of malignancy, while the presence of hemorrhage is a protective factor.

Prospective study of clinical and laboratorial hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery.

UNLABELLED: Hypocalcemia can be detected clinically and through lab tests after thyroidectomy. AIM: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of clinical and laboratorial hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. METHODS: Prospective study of 91 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Demographics, intraoperative, and pathological aspects were correlated to our hypocalcemia findings. RESULTS: Age higher than 50 (p = 0.022) and complete thyroidectomy (p < 0.001) were considered risk factors for hypoparathyroidism. Complete thyroidectomy was considered a risk factor for the 48-hour laboratorial hypoparathyroidism (p = 0.004). There was no risk factor associated with the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. There was significance between the 48-hour and the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroidectomy extension is a risk factor for both the clinical and laboratorial hypoparathyroidism, whereas age is a risk factor for clinical hypoparathyroidism. The detection of 48-hour laboratorial hypoparathyroidism is a predisposing factor for the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. However, most of the cases were temporary.

Tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de lábio / Surgical treatment of the lip cancer

Introdução: O câncer de lábio é mais frequente no lábio inferior e o carcinoma espinocelular é o tipo histopatológico mais encontrado, devido à exposição solar. A ressecção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha, havendo numerosos métodos de reconstrução. objetivo: Avaliar experiência de um centro de referência regional na abordagem cirúrgico do câncer de lábio. Método: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo analisando os aspectos clínicos, tratamento e evolução de 43 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de lábio tratados entre 1994 e 2008. Resultados: Dos 43 pacientes, 31 eram do gênero masculino, com idade mediana de 46 anos. Somente dois casos não eram de carcinoma espinocelular, 21 foram classificados como T1 e 15 como T2, enquanto 38 apresentaram-se com pescoço negativo. Para 21 pacientes com tumor T1 foi realizada excisão em ?V? ou ?W?. Para oito pacientes com lesões T2, foi utilizada a técnica da vermelhonectomia. Os demais 14 casos foram submetidos a outras técnicas de reconstrução. Pacientes com N+ ao diagnóstico foram tratados com esvaziamento cervical radical unilateral modificado. Nenhum paciente foi a óbito devido ao câncer de lábio. Houve oito casos de deiscência parcial da sutura, um caso de infecção e três casos de microstomia.

Introduction: The lip cancer is more frequent in the lower lip and the squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest histopathological type due to the sun exposition. The surgical resection the treatment of choice and many reconstructive methods are available. objective: To evaluate the experience of a regional reference Center in the surgical approach for the lip cancer. method: Clinical, therapeutic and outcome aspects of 43 patients with lip cancer enrolled from 1994 to 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Out of the 43 patients studied, 31 were men and the median age was 46 years old. All cases but 2 were squamous cell carcinomas, being 21 clinically staged as T1 and 15 as T2, whereas 38 presented negative neck lymph nodes. The V or W excisions were performed in the 21 T1 tumor patients, whereas the vermilion excision was employed in 8 T2 patients. The other 14 cases underwent other reconstructive techniques. N+ patients underwent modified unilateral radical neck dissection. There was no death due to the cancer. There were 8 partial dehiscence?s, 1 wound infection and 3 cases with microstoma.

Câncer de boca e orofaringe em centro de referência terciária / Mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in a tertiary center

Introdução: O câncer de boca e orofaringe é de comportamento agressivo e, no Brasil, a incidência é considerada uma das mais altas do mundo, sendo o mais comum da região de cabeça e pescoço. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil dos pacientes portadores do câncer de boca e orofaringe em centro terciário. Método: Foram arrolados 58 casos de carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de boca e 26 de orofaringe nos Serviços de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Santos e do Hospital Ana Costa entre 2002 e 2008. Informações sobre idade, gênero, profissão, raça, hábitos de tabagismo e etilismo, uso de prótese dentária, origem do encaminhamento do paciente ao tratamento, localização da lesão, estadiamento clínico e grau de diferenciação histológica foram analisados. Resultados: Dos pacientes com CEC em boca, a relação de incidência masculinofeminino foi de 2,87:1, a idade variou de 44 a 91 anos (mediana de 62), 91,4% eram caucasianos, 79% foram referenciados por profissionais médicos, 78% eram tabagistas, 74% etilistas, 79,3% não utilizavam prótese dentária. O sítio mais acometido foi a língua (51,7%), 53,5% apresentaram-se nos estádios III e IV, 72,4% eram de grau histológico II. Para a orofaringe, a relação masculino-feminino foi de 7,6:1, com idade entre 40 e 81 anos (mediana de 58), 92,3% eram caucasianos, 92% foram encaminhados por médicos, 85% eram tabagistas, 80% etilistas, 53,8% não utilizavam prótese, as tonsilas palatinas foram o sítio mais acometido (77%), 96% estavam em estádios III e IV, 84,6% eram de grau II. Conclusão: O atendimento inicial é fundamental no reconhecimento das lesões, para que se possa estabelecer o diagnóstico precoce.

Introduction: Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx is aggressive. It is one of the commonest cancers in Brazil and may be considered as the commonest in the head and neck. Objective: To evaluate clinical and epidemiological factors and the outcome. Method: The charts of 58 cases of oral and 26 of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were retrospectively evaluated in the period from 2002 to 2008. They were enrolled at the Departments of Head and Neck Surgery of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Santos and Hospital Ana Costa. Age, gender, profession, ethnic aspects, tobacco and alcohol use, dental prosthesis, referement origin, site of the lesion, clinical staging and histologic grade were analyzed in the study group. Results: In the oral cavity cancer patients, the male to female ratio was 2.87:1, the median age was 62 years (ranging from 44 to 91 years), 91.4% were Caucasian, 79% were referred from medical professionals, tobacco use was identified in 78%, alcohol intake in 74%, 79.3% were not dental prosthesis users, tongue was the commonest site identified (51.7%), 53.5% were staged as III and IV clinical stages, 72.4% were moderately differentiated SCC. For the oropharynx, the male female ratio was 7.6:1, the median age was 58 years (ranging 40 to 81 years), 92,3% were Caucasian, 92% were referred from medical professionals, exposure to tobacco and alcohol was respectively noted in 85% and 80%, 53,8% did not use dental prosthesis, the tonsils were the commonest site (77%), 96% were staged as III and IV, 84,6% had moderately differentiated SCC. Conclusion: The professional who performs the first evaluation is important in recognizing the lesions in order to achieve early detection.

Estudo prospectivo da hipocalcemia clínica e laboratorial após cirurgia da tireoide / Prospective study of clinical and laboratorial hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery

A hipocalcemia pode ser detectada clínica e laboratorialmente após a tireoidectomia. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência e fatores de risco da hipocalcemia clínica e laboratorial após cirurgia da glândula tireoide. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo de 91 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia. Aspectos demográficos, intraoperatórios e anatomopatológicos foram correlacionados com os achados de hipocalcemia. Rresultados: Foram considerados fatores de risco para o hipoparatireoidismo clínico a faixa etária acima dos 50 anos (p = 0,022) e realização de cirurgia não parcial (p < 0,001). Foi considerado fator de risco para o hipoparatireoidismo laboratorial a 48 horas a cirurgia não parcial (p = 0,004). Não houve fator de risco para o surgimento do hipoparatireoidismo laboratorial a um mês. Houve significância entre hipotireoidismo laboratorial a 48 horas e a um mês. Conclusões: A extensão da tireoidectomia é fator de risco para o hipoparatireoidismo clínico e laboratorial, enquanto a faixa etária é fator para o hipoparatireoidismo clínico. A detecção de hipoparatireoidismo laboratorial com 48 horas de pós-operatório é fator predisponente para o hipoparatireoidismo laboratorial com um mês de pós-operatório, mas caracterizou-se o caráter temporário da maior parte dos casos.

Hypocalcemia can be detected clinically and through lab tests after thyroidectomy. AIM: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of clinical and laboratorial hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Methods: Prospective study of 91 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Demographics, intraoperative, and pathological aspects were correlated to our hypocalcemia findings. Results: Age higher than 50 (p = 0.022) and complete thyroidectomy (p < 0.001) were considered risk factors for hypoparathyroidism. Complete thyroidectomy was considered a risk factor for the 48-hour laboratorial hypoparathyroidism (p = 0.004). There was no risk factor associated with the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. There was significance between the 48-hour and the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. Conclusions: Thyroidectomy extension is a risk factor for both the clinical and laboratorial hypoparathyroidism, whereas age is a risk factor for clinical hypoparathyroidism. The detection of 48-hour laboratorial hypoparathyroidism is a predisposing factor for the one-month laboratorial hypoparathyroidism. However, most of the cases were temporary.

Nonfunctional parathyroid cyst: case report / Cisto de paratireóide não funcionante: relato de caso

CONTEXT: Parathyroid cysts are rare clinical and pathological entities, with less than 300 cases reported. The inferior parathyroid glands are most commonly involved, with left-side predominance. Parathyroid cysts may be functional or nonfunctional, depending on their association with hypercalcemia. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old man presented a palpable asymptomatic left-side neck mass. Ultrasound revealed a cystic structure contiguous with the left thyroid lobe. Serum ionic calcium was normal. The patient underwent left thyroid lobectomy plus isthmectomy with excision of the cyst. The histological findings revealed a parathyroid cyst. Parathyroid cysts typically present as asymptomatic neck masses, and surgical excision appears to be the treatment of choice.

CONTEXTO: Cistos de paratireóide são entidades clínicas e patológicas raras, com menos de 300 casos relatados. As glândulas paratireóides inferiores são mais comumente envolvidas, com predomínio do lado esquerdo. Cistos de paratireóide podem ser funcionais ou não, dependendo de sua associação com hipercalcemia. RELATO DE CASO: Um homem de 25 anos apresentou-se com massa cervical esquerda palpável assintomática. A ultrassonografia revelou uma estrutura cística contígua com o lobo tireoidiano esquerdo. O cálcio iônico sérico estava normal. O paciente foi submetido a lobectomia esquerda com istmectomia e excisão do cisto. Os achados histopatológicos revelaram cisto de paratireóide. Cistos de paratireóide tipicamente se apresentam como massas cervicais assintomáticas e a ressecção cirúrgica parece ser o tratamento de escolha.

Estudo prospectivo da queda da calcemia após cirurgia da tireóide / Prospective study of calcemia decreasing after thyroid surgery

Introdução: a hipocalcemia é a complicação mais freqüente após a tireoidectomia. Objetivo: analisar a incidência, fatores de risco e impacto clínico da queda da calcemia após cirurgia da glândula tireóide. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo de 74 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia. Aspectos demográficos, intra-operatórios e anatomopatológicos foram correlacionados com a variação dos níveis de cálcio pré- e pós-operatório. Resultados: Nos 74 pacientes estudados, houve uma redução em 74% dos casos do cálcio pré-operatório em relação ao dosado com 48 horas; um aumento em 67,1% do cálcio de 48 horas quando comparado ao de um mês; e uma redução em 64,9% do cálcio pré-operatório quando comparado ao de um mês. Nenhum fator de risco apresentou significado estatístico para as alterações das medidas. Dos 74 pacientes estudados, 25,7% apresentaram dosagens de cálcio no pós-operatório abaixo do limite inferior de normalidade. Destes, 10,8% ainda estavam com hipocalcemia reduzida na medida realizada com um mês e 5,4% estavam sintomáticos, recebendo reposição oral de cálcio e vitamina D. Conclusões: Independente dos fatores de risco, a tireoidectomia leva a maioria dos pacientes à diminuição dos níveis de cálcio, porém, somente uma minoria tem impacto clínico.

Introduction: Hpocalcemia is the most frequent complication after the thyroidectomy. Objective: To analyze the incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact of calcemia decreasing after the thyroid surgery. Methods: It was a prospective study of 74 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Demographic, intraoperative, and pathological aspects were correlated to pre and postthyroidectomy calcemia levels. Results: Among the 74 patients studied, the preoperative calcium level decreased in 74% of the cases in relation to the 48-hour levels; a rate as high as 67.1% of the 48-hour calcium level increased in their one-month measurement; and the preoperative calcium level decreased in 64.9% compared to the one-month calcium level. No risk factor presented statistical significance for the calcemia measures. Among the 74 patientes, 25.7% presented postoperative calcemia bellow the inferior normality level. Out of them, 10.8% were still with reduced hypocalcemia according to the one-month measure and 5.4% were symptomatic, with oral intake of calcium and D vitamine. Conclusions: Most patients undergone the thyroid surgery present some decreasing of the calcium levels, independently of the risk factors. However, just the minority present any clinical impact.

Hipotireoidismo após hemitireoidectomia / Hypothyroidism after hemithyroidectomy

Introdução: A lobectomia tireoideana tem a vantagem de evitar que muitos pacientes necessitem ser submetidos à terapia de reposição definitiva com tiroxina. Objetivo: Avaliar a função tireoidiana após a hemitireoidectomia e os fatores de risco para o hipotireoidismo pós-operatório. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de 69 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a lobectomia e istmectomia durante 2007. As determinações dos hormônios tireoideanos foram realizadas no pré-operatório e com um mês de pós-operatório e correlacionadas com os dados demográficos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos. Foram aplicados os testes U de Mann-Whitney e Exato de Fischer. Resultados: A massa do lobo tireoidiano remanescente teve uma tendência a fator de risco para hipotireoidismo (p=0,0949). Não houve significado estatístico quanto aos outros aspectos analisados. Conclusão: Foi detectado hipotireoidismo subclínico em 26,1% e hipotireoidismo clínico em 2,9% dos pacientes em pós-operatório. A massa do lobo tireoideano preservado teve uma tendência estatística (p=0,0949) a ser fator de risco para o hipotireoidismo.

Introduction: The thyroid lobectomy has the advantage of sparing many patients from the need of thyroxine definitive replacement therapy. Objective: To evaluate the thyroid function after the hemithyroidectomy and the risk factors for the postoperative hypothyroidism. Methods: It is a retrospective study of 69 consecutive patients undergone thyroid lobectomy and istmusectomy during 2007. Thyroid hormone determinations were performed before and one month after the surgical approach and were correlated to demographic, clinical e histopathological data. The Mann-Whitney U Test and the Exact Test of Fischer were employed. Results: The mass of the remaining lobe presented some statistical trend (p=0.0949) as risk factor for the hypothyroidism. No statistical significance was observed regarding the other analyzed aspects. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism was detected in 26.1%, whereas clinical hypothyroidism was detected in 2.9% of the patients in the postoperative period. The mass of the preserved lobe presented some statistical trend (p=0.0949) as risk factor for the hypothyroidism.

Nonfunctional parathyroid cyst: case report.

CONTEXT: Parathyroid cysts are rare clinical and pathological entities, with less than 300 cases reported. The inferior parathyroid glands are most commonly involved, with left-side predominance. Parathyroid cysts may be functional or nonfunctional, depending on their association with hypercalcemia. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old man presented a palpable asymptomatic left-side neck mass. Ultrasound revealed a cystic structure contiguous with the left thyroid lobe. Serum ionic calcium was normal. The patient underwent left thyroid lobectomy plus isthmectomy with excision of the cyst. The histological findings revealed a parathyroid cyst. Parathyroid cysts typically present as asymptomatic neck masses, and surgical excision appears to be the treatment of choice.