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HLA ; 88(3): 77-86, 2016 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27440734

ABSTRACT

The HLA-G molecule belongs to the family of nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. At variance to classical HLA class I, HLA-G displays (i) a low number of nucleotide variations within the coding region, (ii) a high structural diversity, (iii) a restricted peptide repertoire, (iv) a limited tissue distribution and (v) strong immune-suppressive properties. The physiological HLA-G surface expression is restricted to the maternal-fetal interface and to immune-privileged adult tissues. Soluble forms of HLA-G (sHLA-G) are detectable in various body fluids. Cellular activation and pathological processes are associated with an aberrant or a neo-expression of HLA-G/sHLA-G. Functionally, HLA-G and its secreted forms are considered to be key players in the induction of short- and long-term tolerance. Thus, its unique expression profile and tolerance-inducing functions render HLA-G/sHLA-G an attractive biomarker to monitor the systemic health/disease status and disease activity/progression for clinical approaches in disease management and treatments. Here, we place emphasis on (i) the current status of the tolerance-inducing functions by HLA-G/sHLA-G, (ii) the current complexity to implement this molecule as a meaningful clinical biomarker regarding the three dimensions of structural diversity (monomers, dimers and HLA-G-expressing extracellular vesicles) with its functional implications, and (iii) novel and future approaches to detect and quantify sHLA-G structures and functions.


Subject(s)
Extracellular Vesicles/immunology , HLA-G Antigens/genetics , Immune System Diseases/diagnosis , Immune Tolerance , Biomarkers/metabolism , Extracellular Vesicles/chemistry , Female , Fetus/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation , HLA-G Antigens/chemistry , HLA-G Antigens/immunology , Humans , Immune System Diseases/genetics , Immune System Diseases/immunology , Immune System Diseases/pathology , Placenta/immunology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Pregnancy , Protein Isoforms/chemistry , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/immunology , Protein Multimerization , Solubility
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