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1.
Neurophotonics ; 3(3): 031413, 2016 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27335890

ABSTRACT

Lack of a diagnostic index is a problem that needs to be overcome in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), because this problem prevents an objective assessment based on biomarkers. This paper describes the development of a diagnostic index for ASD using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We investigated continuous prefrontal hemodynamic changes depending on reciprocal disposition of working memory and nonworking memory tasks using two-channel NIRS. NIRS signals in the prefrontal cortex were compared between high-functioning ASD subjects ([Formula: see text]) and typically developed (TD) subjects ([Formula: see text]). The brain activities of the TD subjects were related to experimental design. These results were not confirmed in brain activities of ASD subjects, although the task performance rate was almost equivalent. The brain activities of TD subjects and ASD subjects were evaluated using a weighted separability (WS) index obtained from the feature phase of oxy-hemoglobin and its differential value. Calculation of the [Formula: see text]-test (TD subject versus ASD subject) confirmed that WS was significant. This result showed that the proposed index was useful for evaluation of the brain activity of ASD subjects.

2.
Brain Dev ; 37(1): 88-93, 2015 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24780604

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Maternal viral infection during pregnancy induces morphological abnormalities in the fetus and may cause emotional and psychological problems in offspring through unknown mechanisms. We have previously shown that prenatal exposure of rats to chemicals such as thalidomide causes an autistic-like phenotype in offspring, indicating that prenatal events affecting serotonergic development may cause developmental disorder. METHODS: We investigated whether prenatal viral infection altered the expression of neurotransmitters involved in the emotional or psychological status of offspring. We here took advantage of the polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) system, the synthetic double-stranded RNA, which is often used in animal models of viral infection. RESULTS: Ten mg/kg of poly I:C was intraperitoneally injected on gestational day (GD) 9 and counted the numbers of serotonin-immunopositive cells on GD15 using flat whole-mount preparation method, resulting 11.1% of increase in the number of serotonergic neurons in poly I:C group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in hippocampal serotonin content in offspring by postnatal day 50 following poly I:C administration by high-performance liquid chromatography. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Since serotonin is known to link with behavior and emotion after birth, these results suggest that maternal viral infection might cause, in addition to morphological abnormalities, serotonin-related pathogenesis such as neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology , Serotonergic Neurons/pathology , Virus Diseases/complications , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fetus , In Situ Hybridization , Poly I-C/toxicity , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
Acta Histochem ; 116(3): 522-6, 2014 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24360019

ABSTRACT

Gynecological disorders related to menstrual cycle may be affected by stress and can cause infertility. Manserin is a stress-related neuropeptide that is present in the neuroendocrine system. In the present study, we determined the localization of manserin in the oviduct of adult Wistar rats using immunohistochemical techniques. Manserin was detected on the surface of the epithelium of the oviduct, but not in the ovary and uterus. Localization of manserin was specific to a large portion of the isthmus and to a small portion of the ampulla. These results suggest that manserin localizes to secretory cells in the oviduct and may be involved in stress-induced gynecological disorders.


Subject(s)
Neuropeptides/metabolism , Oviducts/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Animals , Epithelium/metabolism , Female , Microvilli/metabolism , Organ Specificity , Ovary/cytology , Ovary/metabolism , Oviducts/cytology , Protein Transport , Rats, Wistar , Uterus/cytology , Uterus/metabolism
4.
Brain Dev ; 35(3): 261-4, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22658806

ABSTRACT

Thimerosal, an organomercury compound, has been widely used as a preservative. Therefore, concerns have been raised about its neurotoxicity. We recently demonstrated perturbation of early serotonergic development by prenatal exposure to thimerosal (Ida-Eto et al. (2011) [11]). Here, we investigated whether prenatal thimerosal exposure causes persistent impairment after birth. Analysis on postnatal day 50 showed significant increase in hippocampal serotonin following thimerosal administration on embryonic day 9. Furthermore, not only serotonin, striatal dopamine was significantly increased. These results indicate that embryonic exposure to thimerosal produces lasting impairment of brain monoaminergic system, and thus every effort should be made to avoid the use of thimerosal.


Subject(s)
Brain/drug effects , Developmental Disabilities/chemically induced , Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology , Dopamine/physiology , Organomercury Compounds/adverse effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/adverse effects , Serotonin/physiology , Thimerosal/adverse effects , Animals , Brain Chemistry/drug effects , Dopamine/metabolism , Female , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Male , Neostriatum/drug effects , Neostriatum/metabolism , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Serotonin/metabolism
5.
Acta Histochem ; 115(2): 190-4, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22682498

ABSTRACT

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ which is involved in metabolism, neuroexcitability, body growth and development. The thyroid gland is also involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, which is not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the localization of the granin-derived neuropeptide, manserin, in the adult rat thyroid gland. Manserin immunoreactivity was detected in thyroid follicular epithelial cells. Intense manserin signals were also detected in some, but not all, parafollicular cells, indicating that parafollicular manserin may be subtype-specific. These results indicate that thyroid manserin may play pivotal roles in parafollicular cells and follicular epithelial cells such as in calcium metabolism and/or thyroid hormone secretion.


Subject(s)
Neuropeptides/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Animals , Chromogranins/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Male , Pituitary Gland/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Thyrotropin/metabolism
6.
J Histochem Cytochem ; 60(1): 69-75, 2012 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22034517

ABSTRACT

Manserin is a 40-amino acid neuropeptide derived from rat brain. Manserin has been shown to distribute in the neuroendocrine system, such as the pituitary and adrenal glands, but it has been little studied in other organs. In this study, the authors examined localization of manserin in the inner ear of the adult Wistar rat using immunohistochemical analyses. Manserin immunoreactivity was detected in the neuronal terminals of the organ of Corti and type II spiral ganglion cells. In addition to being identified in the auditory system, manserin was detected at the synapses of the vestibular system, such as saccule, utricle, and semicircular canal. These results suggest that inner ear manserin may be involved in the function of peripheral auditory and vestibular systems.


Subject(s)
Ear, Inner/metabolism , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Secretogranin II/metabolism , Animals , Auditory Pathways/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Organ Specificity , Organ of Corti/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Spiral Ganglion/cytology , Spiral Ganglion/metabolism , Vestibule, Labyrinth/metabolism
7.
Neurosci Lett ; 505(2): 61-4, 2011 Nov 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21669256

ABSTRACT

Even though neuronal toxicity due to organomercury compounds is well known, thimerosal, an organomercury compound, is widely used in pediatric vaccine preservation. In the present study, we examined whether embryonic exposure to thimerosal affects early development of serotonergic neurons. Thimerosal (1mg Hg/kg) was intramuscularly administered to pregnant rats on gestational day 9 (susceptible time window for development of fetal serotonergic system), and fetal serotonergic neurons were assessed at embryonic day 15 using anti-serotonin antibodies. A dramatic increase in the number of serotonergic neurons localized to the lateral portion of the caudal raphe was observed in thimerosal group (1.9-fold increase, p<0.01 compared to control). These results indicate that embryonic exposure to thimerosal affects early development of serotonergic neurons.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/physiology , Nervous System Malformations/chemically induced , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced , Raphe Nuclei/abnormalities , Raphe Nuclei/drug effects , Serotonergic Neurons/drug effects , Serotonergic Neurons/pathology , Thimerosal/toxicity , Animals , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Nervous System Malformations/embryology , Nervous System Malformations/pathology , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/toxicity , Raphe Nuclei/embryology , Rats , Rats, Wistar
8.
Int J Dev Neurosci ; 29(4): 359-64, 2011 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21458558

ABSTRACT

Autism is often associated with multiple developmental anomalies including asymmetric facial palsy. In order to establish the etiology of autism with facial palsy, research into developmental abnormalities of the peripheral facial nerves is necessary. In the present study, to investigate the development of peripheral cranial nerves for use in an animal model of autism, rat embryos were treated with valproic acid (VPA) in utero and their cranial nerves were visualized by immunostaining. Treatment with VPA after embryonic day 9 had a significant effect on the peripheral fibers of several cranial nerves. Following VPA treatment, immunoreactivity within the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves was significantly reduced. Additionally, abnormal axonal pathways were observed in the peripheral facial nerves. Thus, the morphology of several cranial nerves, including the facial nerve, can be affected by prenatal VPA exposure as early as E13. Our findings indicate that disruption of early facial nerve development is involved in the etiology of asymmetric facial palsy, and may suggest a link to the etiology of autism.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple , Anticonvulsants/toxicity , Autistic Disorder/etiology , Autistic Disorder/pathology , Cranial Nerves/abnormalities , Cranial Nerves/drug effects , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Valproic Acid/toxicity , Animals , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Cranial Nerves/embryology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Peripheral Nerves/abnormalities , Peripheral Nerves/drug effects , Peripheral Nerves/embryology , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar
9.
Histochem Cell Biol ; 134(1): 53-7, 2010 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20495819

ABSTRACT

Manserin is a recently characterized 40-amino acid neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II, a protein belonging to the chromogranin family. Although the physiological roles of manserin have not been elucidated to date, manserin has been shown to distribute in not only the brain but also the endocrine system such as the pituitary and adrenal glands, suggesting its role in the endocrine system. The present study aimed to explore the occurrence and distribution of manserin in the rat pancreas using an immunohistochemical technique with a polyclonal antibody against rat manserin. Immunoreactivity for manserin was readily detected in almost whole islets of Langerhans whereas not at all in the exocrine pancreas. Manserin-expressing cells were not colocalized with the glucagon-secreting cells (alpha cells), whereas they colocalized with insulin-secreting cells (beta cells) and somatostatin-secreting cells (delta cells), although their intracellular distribution was different. These results indicate that manserin, occurring in the endocrine pancreas, may have a potential role in the endocrine system.


Subject(s)
Islets of Langerhans/metabolism , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Animals , Islets of Langerhans/chemistry , Neuropeptides/analysis , Organ Specificity , Peptide Fragments/analysis , Rats , Rats, Wistar
10.
Neurosci Res ; 66(1): 2-6, 2010 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19755133

ABSTRACT

Autism is a behaviorally characterized disorder with impairments in social interactions, as well as stereotyped, repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests. Exposure of rat fetuses to thalidomide (THAL) or valproic acid (VPA) on the ninth day of gestation has been reported as a useful model for human autism. We have shown that early serotonergic neural development is disrupted in these rats. In the current study, we used a radial maze and open field experimental paradigm to investigate whether these rats present behavioral and/or learning aberrations. THAL (500mg/kg), VPA (800mg/kg), or vehicle was administered orally to E9 pregnant rats at 7-10 weeks of age. Although the mean number of correct and incorrect arm choices in the initial eight arm choices did not differ between control and teratogen-exposed groups, achievement of learning (seven or eight consecutive correct choices for 3 consecutive days for individual rats) seemed to be impaired in teratogen-exposed groups. Interestingly, average time to explore the maze task was shorter in the teratogen-exposed groups, indicating that correct choice might be due to mere coincidence (i.e., nonexploratory movement). Unexpectedly, no significant differences were observed in social interaction in these rats. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to THAL and VPA might alter behavior in a manner that is, in part, consistent with human autism.


Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/chemically induced , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Thalidomide , Valproic Acid , Age Factors , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Exploratory Behavior/drug effects , Exploratory Behavior/physiology , Female , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Maze Learning/physiology , Pregnancy , Rats
11.
J Pept Sci ; 14(6): 773-6, 2008 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18186540

ABSTRACT

We recently isolated a novel 40 amino acid neuropeptide designated manserin from the rat brain. Manserin is derived from secretogranin II, a member of granin acidic secretory protein family by proteolytic processing, as previously reported secretoneurin and EM66. Manserin peptide are localized in the endocrine cells of the pituitary. In this study, we further investigated the manserin localization in the digestive system by immunohistochemical analysis using antimanserin antibody. In the duodenum, manserin immunostaining was exclusively observed in the nuclei of top villi instead of cytosol as observed in neurons in our previous study. Interestingly, manserin-positive cells in the duodenum are colocalized with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells, the cells whose DNA was damaged. Since the top villi of duodenum epithelial cells are known to undergo spontaneous apoptosis during epithelial cell turn over, and since other peptides such as secretoneurin and EM66 derived from SgII have been reported to be cancer-related, these results indicated that manserin peptide may have a role in apoptosis and/or cancer pathogenesis in the digestive organ.


Subject(s)
Duodenum/metabolism , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Hydrolysis , Immunohistochemistry , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Rats
12.
Nihon Rinsho ; 65(6): 997-1002, 2007 Jun.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17561688

ABSTRACT

Although previous twin and family studies have suggested the involvement of genetic factor(s) in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), responsible gene for CFS was not known. We have recently reported the association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in CFS. A significant increase of longer (L and XL) alleic variants was found in the CFS patients compared to the controls. Compared to S allele, the L allele is believed to retain higher transcriptional activity, which causes decreased concentration of serotonin in the extracellular space, namely, active serotonin in CFS. These results thus support the serotonin hypothesis in the pathogenesis of CFS.


Subject(s)
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/genetics , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Extracellular Space/metabolism , Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics , Serotonin/metabolism
13.
Biopsychosoc Med ; 1: 3, 2007 Jan 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17371573

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Recent genetic studies have linked serotonin-related genetic polymorphisms with diverse disorders characterized by functional somatic symptoms, including chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. METHODS: We investigated three serotonin-related genetic polymorphisms by screening genomic DNA of 36 temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. RESULTS: A significant increase of longer alleles (l and xl) was found in the TMD patients compared to the controls both by the genotype-wise and the allele-wise analyses (both p < 0.01 by chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Genetic factors that involve the serotonergic system may play a role in the pathogenesis of TMD.

14.
Brain Dev ; 29(6): 369-72, 2007 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17194559

ABSTRACT

Banana is known as a dopamine-rich and potassium-rich food, however no previous data regarding biochemical or psychological alteration induced by excess intake of banana has been reported. We have experienced an adolescent female case of Anorexia nervosa (AN) who denied eating anything but maximum 20 bananas and less than 500 ml mineral water per day for more than two years. During the period of massive banana eating habit, she showed increase of serum potassium (from 4.7 mEq/l to 6.1 mEq/l) and whole blood dopamine (from 11 ng/ml to 210 ng/ml; normal range 0.5-6.2 ng/ml), and obvious dysthymia that is inexplicable only by the pathology of AN. When the patient resumed other food ingestion after 26 months of obsessive and restricted eating of banana, the abnormalities in her blood data and her psychological state were all corrected toward normal. We conclude that in this case, the obsessive and restricted habit of banana ingestion resulted in hyperkalemia, hyperdopaminemia, and psychological change.


Subject(s)
Anorexia Nervosa/physiopathology , Dopamine/blood , Feeding Behavior/psychology , Hyperkalemia/etiology , Musa/adverse effects , Obsessive Behavior/physiopathology , Adolescent , Female , Humans
15.
Brain Dev ; 27(4): 275-8, 2005 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15862190

ABSTRACT

Environmental enrichment results in many modifications in the brain such as structural, behavioural, and biochemical changes. alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type receptors for excitatory amino acid glutamate are recently found to be involved in neuronal plasticity. In this study, we examined whether environmental enrichment modified the brain expression of mRNA for subunit composition of AMPA receptors in adult mice using the real-time quantitative PCR method and western blotting. Mice housed in enriched environments showed significantly higher levels of GluR2 and GluR4 subunits in the hippocampus compared to control mice. We concluded that environmental enrichment can change the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and thus might modify the potentials of brain plasticity.


Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , Receptors, AMPA/metabolism , Social Environment , Animals , Blotting, Western , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , RNA, Messenger , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
16.
Int J Dev Neurosci ; 23(2-3): 287-97, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15749253

ABSTRACT

Embryonic exposure to thalidomide (THAL) or valproic acid (VPA) before neural tube closure has been demonstrated as a useful model for human autism in rats. Abnormalities of the serotonergic system which are often observed in human autism have been shown in these rats. Thus, we examined whether early serotonergic neuronal development is perturbed by THAL/VPA. When pregnant rats were exposed to THAL or VPA on embryonic day 9, a dramatic shift of the distribution of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus was observed on postnatal day 50. This alteration is thought to reflect abnormality of serotonergic neuronal differentiation and migration. In vitro studies revealed that VPA retards the maturation of serotonergic neuron from ES cell-derived neuronal progenitors, whereas exogenously added Sonic hedgehog, a morphogen that has been implicated in serotonergic cell fate, partially prevented this retardation. These results indicate that disruption of early serotonergic neuronal development might be involved in the etiology of autism.


Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/metabolism , Neurons/drug effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Serotonin/metabolism , Teratogens/toxicity , Thalidomide/toxicity , Valproic Acid/toxicity , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Autistic Disorder/chemically induced , Cell Count/methods , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Embryo, Mammalian , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Hedgehog Proteins , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Male , Neurons/metabolism , Pregnancy , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Raphe Nuclei/cytology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Stem Cells/drug effects , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Trans-Activators/pharmacology , Tubulin/metabolism
17.
Neuroreport ; 15(11): 1755-9, 2004 Aug 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15257142

ABSTRACT

We have isolated a novel 40 amino acid neuropeptide, designated manserin, from the rat. Manserin is derived from secretogranin II (SgII), a member of granin acidic secretory protein family by proteolytic processing, as previously reported secretoneurin and EM66. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-manserin antibody revealed that manserin localized in the endocrine cells of the pituitary anterior lobe, but not in the posterior lobe. Interestingly, manserin never co-localized with ACTH in the anterior pituitary, which is in contrast with SgII, suggesting specific immunoreactivity of the antiserum against manserin. Manserin immunostaining was also observed in the neuronal cells of several hypothalamic nuclei and the neurons in the median eminence. These results suggest that manserin exerts a specific role in the neuroendocrine system.


Subject(s)
Brain Chemistry/physiology , Neuropeptides/physiology , Neurosecretory Systems/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/physiology , Proteins/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Chromogranins , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Neuropeptides/chemistry , Neurosecretory Systems/physiology , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Proteins/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar
18.
Brain Dev ; 26(5): 292-5, 2004 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15165668

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the availability of the serum neurotrophins for the diagnosis of the patients with neurodevelopmental disorder, we measured the serum concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in the patients diagnosed with autism (n=18) and mental retardation (n=20), or healthy controls (n=16), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There tended to be a higher concentration of serum BDNF found in the autistic group ( P <0.05 by analysis of variance (ANOVA)) and the mental retardation group ( P <0.001 by ANOVA) compared to the control group. Serum NT-4 concentration tended to be increased in the mental retardation group (P <0.05 by ANOVA). We conclude that measuring the serum concentration of two neurotrophins, BDNF and NT-4, might be helpful to diagnose or classify disorders such as autism or mental retardation.


Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/blood , Intellectual Disability/blood , Nerve Growth Factors/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Pilot Projects
19.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 311(2): 264-6, 2003 Nov 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14592408

ABSTRACT

Interaction between the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the serotonergic system is thought to be disrupted in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. We examined a serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene promoter polymorphism, which affects the transcriptional efficiency of 5-HTT, in 78 CFS patients using PCR amplification of the blood genomic DNA. A significant increase of longer (L and XL) alleic variants was found in the CFS patients compared to the controls both by the genotype-wise and the allele-wise analyses (both p<0.05, by chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test). Attenuated concentration of extracellular serotonin due to longer variants may cause higher susceptibility to CFS.


Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/genetics , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Adult , Female , Gene Frequency/genetics , Humans , Male , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
20.
No To Hattatsu ; 35(5): 394-400, 2003 Sep.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-13677948

ABSTRACT

Using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) we examined 13 junior high school students with school refusal and indefinite complaints. Significant increase of the anxiety levels was higher in these children than in the control group. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were administered to 19 elementary and junior high school students with school refusal and indefinite complaints. The indefinite symptoms improved markedly in 2 children, moderately in 11, and mildly in 6. We conclude that high anxiety may cause indefinite symptoms in children with school refusal and that the treatment of indefinite symptoms with SSRI is an effective supportive therapy.


Subject(s)
Anxiety/drug therapy , Anxiety/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Student Dropouts/psychology , Adolescent , Child , Female , Fluvoxamine/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Paroxetine/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
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