[Role of glutamine in enteral nutrition in intestinal insufficiency]. / Rol' glutamina v énteral'nom pitanii pri kishechnoi nedostatochnosti.

In this review the role of glutamine in enteral nutrition in intestinal insufficiency is shown. It is emphasized, that glutamine plays an important role in preservation of structure and function of intestines in normal state and under stressful condition.

[Utilization of glucose, valine, glycerin and palmitic acid by energy and anabolic pathways of metabolism in rats]. / Utilizatsiia gliukozy, valina, glitserina i pal'mitinovoi kisloty po énergeticheskomu i anabolicheskomu puti metabolizma u krys.

Possibility of evaluation of nutrients use by energy and anabolic ways by measurement in blood of radioactivity of water formed from labelled by tritium precursors was studied. The experiment was made on rats, which consecutively with interval 1.5-2 weeks were given intravenous indicative amount of 3H2(2,3)-valine, 1-14C-glucose, 6-3H-glucose, 3H2(1,3)-glycerin and 3H2(9,10)-palmitic acid. Half-time of glucose in blood was 46 min, glycerin--16 min, valine and palmitic acid--24 min. Plastic and energy characteristics of these substances were studied. The proposed approach to the evaluation of plastic and energy functions of nutrients can be useful for development of specialized products for enteral and parenteral feeding.

[The nutritive value of wheat germ floc]. / Pishchevaia tsennost' khlop'ev pshenichnykh zarodyshei.

The experimental investigation of the food value of wheat germ floc included the study of their chemical composition, biological value, and assimilability of the protein. Basing on the results obtained the authors have made a conclusion on the high food value of wheat germ floc and on their promising use as enriching additives to varying foodstuffs.

[Response of the rat pancreas to the effects of secretin and pancreozymin under conditions of different nutrition]. / Otvetnaia reaktsiia podzheludochnoi zhelezy krys na vozdeistvie sekretina i pankreozimina v usloviiakh raznogo pitaniia.

A study conducted on intact and castrated male rats with cannulated biliary-pancreatic ducts has shown that long-term protein deficiency in the ration leads to decreased secretion of pancreatic juice, lowers activity of amylase, alkaline ribonuclease, trypsin, lipase in the juice, and changes pancreatic response to the action of secretin, pancreozymin or their mixture, that is especially pronounced in the castrated rats.

[Content of mineral substances in the internal organs of rats on intravenous feeding]. / Soderzhanie mineral'nykh veshchestv vo vnutrennikh organakh krys pri vnutrivennom pitanii.

The experiments on rats receiving a complete intravenous nutrition (group 1) during 15 days showed that the concentration of natrium, magnesium and iron was increased in the liver and decreased in the spleen as compared to that in controls given normal feeding (group 2). The content of zink and copper (mg%) was significantly lowered in both the organs of rats in group 1. The growth of the liver and spleen mass during parenteral feeding led to a significant rise in the content of natrium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zink and manganese in the whole liver tissue of group 1 rats, while the content of calcium and copper was similar in both groups of animals. The content of natrium, potassium, magnesium, iron and zink in the whole spleen tissue was significantly higher in group 1 rats, while the content of calcium, copper and manganese was similar in both groups of rats. A correlation was revealed between the content of iron and copper in the liver tissue (r = +0.87) and the levels of natrium and magnesium it the spleen tissue (r = +0.78) of group 1 rats. In group 2 rats a correlation was recorded between the content of calcium and manganese in the liver tissue an the levels of natrium and calcium in the spleen (r = +0.85 and +0.86, respectively).

[Digestive function of the small intestine and pancreas in rats on artificial feeding]. / Sostoianie pishchevaritel'noi funktsii tonkoi kishki i podzheludochnoi zhelezy krys v usloviiakh iskusstvennogo pitaniia.

Full-value diets of similar composition were given to male rats weighing 207-230 g, by intravenous (group 1) or intragastric (group 2) routes. The proportion of amino acids, fats and carbohydrates was 9.9:15.7:74.4 (with regard to their calorific value). The diet calorific value comprised 60.6 kcal/rat/day. An average mass increase in group 1 was 2.44 +/- 0.14 g/day, in group 2 - 1.75 +/- 0.11 g/day. The protein content and activities of alpha- and gamma-amylase, invertase, maltase, and glycil-L-leucine dipeptidase were assayed in the intestinal mucosa of the proximal portion of the small intestine in group 1 rats, while a decreased alpha-amylase activity in the distal portion of the small intestine was recorded in the animals of group 2. The mass of the pancreas in the rats of group 1 and 2 was authentically lower than in the control rats which received oral feeding with natural foods. The lowest mass of the pancreas was observed in the rats of group 1. Specific activity of trypsin, lipase and RNase in the pancreatic tissues of rats in groups 1 and 2 was similar. The results of the study have evidenced a lowered function of the digestive system under conditions of artificial feeding, especially in case of intravenous nutrition.

[Various indicators of the state of the body during intravenous feeding with different mixtures]. / Nekotorye pokazateli sostoianiia organizma pri vnutrivennom pitanii kachestvenno razlichnymi smesiami.

Experiments lasting 15 days were made on rats fed intravenous isocaloric mixtures of the same composition (amino acids, glucose, fatty emulsion, mineral substances and vitamins), with one of the mixtures containing no fatty emulsion. It was noticed that intravenous feeding resulted in certain changes in body function, being consequent on the process of adaptation. The mixtures with and without fatty emulsion produced the same weight gain. However they brought about dissimilar shifts in other characteristics of the body status. The choice of adequate criteria is of importance for the assessment of the action of the different mixtures.

[Intravenous alimentation of rats in renal failure]. / Vnutrivennoe pitanie krys s pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu.

Experiments on nephrectomized rats were made to compare the effect of oral and intravenous feeding on the degree of uremia and general status of the body. Intravenous feeding which included only essential amino acids as nitrogenous component or an insufficiently balanced mixture of essential amino acids and several replaceable amino acids (9.5% of energy value) did not produce any correcting action on the uremic status. Oral feeding with the diet containing casein (9.5% of energy value) was more effective as regards the reduction of uremia and maintenance of the general status of the body.

[Enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa during long-term parenteral and intragastric feeding]. / Sostoianie enterokhromaffinnykh kletok slizistoi obolochki kishechnika pri dlitel'nom parenteral'nom i vnutrizheludochnom pitanii.

The authors studied the response of enterochromaffin cells (Ec-cells) of the duodenal mucosa of rats during parenteral and intragastric administration of food mixtures containing a fatty emulsion venolipid (Japan) and of food mixtures containing no fat. The food mixture was administered round the clock, uniformly throughout 15 days. The Ec-cells were detected by the argentaffinity method modified by Phontane . It was discovered that during parenteral and intragastric administration of the food mixture containing a fatty emulsion, the amount of the Ec-cells in the duodenal mucosa was 3 times greater as compared with control. There were cells with varying intensity of the argentaffinity response, which attests to an active release of hormones synthesized by the Ec-cells. During intragastric administration of the food mixture containing no fatty emulsion, the status of the Ec-cells was the most similar to that seen in control. This is suggestive of an important role of the diet fat for changes in the Ec-cells. The changes found should be taken into consideration in the assessment of the effects of parenteral and intragastric feeding on the body and intestine and in the choice of the most optimal methods of feeding.

[Levels of tetracycline residues in meat products]. / Soderzhanie ostatochnykh kolichestv tetratsiklinov v miasnykh produktakh.

The paper concerns the determination in rabbit experiments of tetracycline antibiotics in meat products and in half-finished meat products. Discusses the degree of chlortetracycline inactivation in meat products exposed to thermal treatment. Residual amounts of antibiotics detected both in meat samples and in half-finished products as well as the effect of thermal treatment on antibiotic inactivation in relation to their content in the products require that strict control should be exercised over the use of antibiotics in animal breeding.

[Effect of methandrostenolone on liver morphology and enzymatic activity]. / Vliianie metandrostenolona na morfologiiu pecheni i aktivnost' nekotorykh fermentov.

The action of different doses and time of metandrostenolone administration on liver morphology and activity of the enzymes of blood serum, liver and pancreatic tissue was studied in experiments on male rats. It was established that metandrostenolone regardless of its dose and time of administration produces changes in enzymatic activity and in morphological characteristics, manifesting in hypertrophy of hepatocytes in modification of the cell size of the reticuloendothelium as well as in the magnitude and amount of nucleoli in the nucleus. The changes also involve impaired rhythmicity of RNA and glycogen synthesis by the liver.

[Effect of fats in diets with a varying degree of fatty acid saturation on aspects of lipid metabolism]. / Vliianie zhirov v ratsionakh s razlichnoi stepen'iu nasyshchennosti zhirnykh kislot na nekotorye storony metabolizma lipidov.

Distribution of lipids in the liver, blood and bile, and rates of their elimination with the bile were studied in rats fed with diets having an elevated proportion of lard or sunflower oil. High fat diet including lard was conducive to an increase in the content and radioactivity of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in the liver tissue. Lipid concentration in the blood and bile was not different from control values, while the bile showed less amount of the label incorporated in phospholipids and cholesterol. The diet including the increased levels of sunflower oil produced a rise in the content and radioactivity of triglycerides, ester bound and free cholesterol in the liver. The concentration and radioactivity of triglycerides in the blood dropped. The content of cholic acid and cholesterol in the bile rose with a simultaneous increase in the amount of the label incorporated into phospholipids and cholesterol.

[Lipid metabolic indices in the liver, blood and bile while using diets with a low protein content and varying carbohydrate and fat ratio]. / Pokazateli lipidnogo obmena v pecheni, krovi i zhelchi v usloviiakh primeneniia diet s nizkim soderzhaniem belka i razlichnym sootnosheniem uglevodov i zhira.

In tests with rats observations over changes in the lipids metabolism in the liver, blood and bile with application of low-protein diets and different proportions of carbohydrates and fat were carried out. The No-1 ration containing 5 per cent of protein and an augmented to 70 per cent carbohydrates (starch) amount led to accumulation in the liver and to increased radioactivity in triglycerides and ether-bound cholesterol, to diminution of the amount and radioactivity of phospholipids in the liver and blood and to a lowered lipids complex concentration in the bile of cholic acid and proportions of glycoconjugates and tauroconjugates. The No-2 ration, where a greater carbohydrates quota was represented by a mixture of starch and saccharose, and also the No-3 ration with an elevated share of fat, produced similar, but to a higher degree, pronounced changes in the liver, blood and bile.

[Effect of rations with qualitatively varying carbohydrates on lipid metabolic indices in the liver, blood and bile]. / Vliianie ratsionov s kachestvenno razlichnymi uglevodami na nekotorye pokazateli lipidnogo obmena v pecheni, krovi i zhelchi.

In tests conducted on rats the process of eliminating the endogenous formed lipids with bile was studied and the discovered changes were contrasted against the lipids metabolism disorders in the liver and blood of the animals receiving rations with differing quantitative and qualitative content of carbohydrates. A balanced ration with saccharose led to a higher quantity and radioactivity of the total lipids and triglycerides in the liver and blood. In the bile a fall in the level of the cholic acid, cholesterol and the lipid complex and an increased radioactivity in the composition of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids were observed. A ration with an elevated level of starch did not upset the lipids metabolism in the liver and blood. In the bile the lipids complex decreased, the quantity of cholic acid increased, while the radioactivity in the lipids complex and phospholipids was rising. A carbohydrate-rich ration with saccharose raised the content of total lipids, triglycerides and of the ether-bound blood cholesterol and their radioactivity. The described diet resulted in an increased amount of the bile and in a drop therein of the level of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids and in an accrued radioactivity in them.

[Effect of antibiotics on cholesterol metabolism under conditions of a varying protein content in the diet]. / Vliianie antibiotikov na obmen kholesterina v usloviiakh razlichnogo soderzhaniia belka v ratsione.

In tests on rats subject to study were the effects of native tetracycline, thermally treated and used in doses of 100 mg/kg, of tetracycline in a dose of 20 mg/kg and of penicillin on the secretion of bile and generation of free and conjugated bile acids and cholesterol, as well as upon the cholesterol content in the blood and liver tissues with complete and protein-deficient rations. With complete ration tetracycline in its native and thermally treated forms provoked a fall in the cholesterol content in the bile and hepatic tissue, a rise in percentage of free bile acids and a decline of the tauroconjugates percentage. With a protein-low ration tetracycline called for an increased concentration of the bile cholesterol with simultaneously increasing concentration of cholic acid.