Individual and interactive biochemical profile damages in Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae) by imidacloprid and clothianidin.

Neonicotinoid insecticide residues are found frequently in different water resources, but the knowledge of their ecological consequences is scanty. The present research focused on one-third of the LC50 concentration of the two neonicotinoids imidacloprid (66.6 mg/L) and clothianidin (30 mg/L) individually and a mixture (range of 33.3 + 15 mg/L) were exposed to Labeo rohita for 42 days. The investigation evaluated the single and combined insecticidal antagonistic effects on fish cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), oxidative stress activities, and DNA damage (8-OHdG) after intoxication. The imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO), and combination intoxication significantly reduced AChE and BChE enzyme activities in the brain, muscle, and serum. The highest levels of AChE inhibition were found in the muscle and brain, whereas the highest levels of BChE were seen in the serum and muscle in the mixed group. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative activities in the brain and liver varied, with significant increases in superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, lipid peroxidation levels, glutathione S-transferase activity, and a decreasing trend in reduced glutathione levels compared to controls. The 8-OHdG activity increased significantly in proportion to exposure time, while the liver showed the highest increase, followed by the brain in the mixture group. Long-period exposure to neonicotinoids can cause severe neurotoxicity by inhibiting cholinesterase, altering antioxidant activities, and inducing DNA damage (increasing 8-OHdG). The results showed that clothianidin is more toxic than imidacloprid as a single active ingredient, whereas the mixture of two insecticides is more toxic than the single active ingredients.

Haematological and immune upshots in Clarias batrachus exposed to dimethoate and defying response of dietary ascorbic acid.

Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, household practices. It has resulted in a series of environmental and toxicological impacts on non-target aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the potential ameliorative effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) against dimethoate toxicity in the haematological and immune parameters in Clarias batrachus. The experiment included group A (basal diet), group B (basal diet with 1.245 mg L-1 DM) and group C (200 mg kg-1 AA with 1.245 mg L-1 DM) were fed for 8 weeks. Samples were collected at the end of every week in each group and estimated haematological profile (red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit %, albumin and globulin levels), erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration), biochemical parameters (AA levels in blood and liver, total proteins, glucose, serum triglycerides, creatinine levels and glutamic oxaloacetate, glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GOT, GPT)) and immune responses (white blood cell count, serum IgM levels and activities of nitroblue tetrazolium, lysozyme and peroxidase) of the fish. Fish fed with ascorbic acid, showed red blood cell, haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte indices, albumin, globulin and serum triglycerides, creatinine, plasma total proteins, glucose levels are not differed (≤10%) from control. Likewise, ascorbic acid maintains optimal levels in activities of GOT, GPT, nitroblue tetrazolium, lysozyme and peroxidase, white blood cells and serum IgM levels. Further studies are needed to ascertain how ascorbic acid improves the innate and humoral immune system of the fish and the mechanisms involved.

Insecticides induced stress response and recuperation in fish: Biomarkers in blood and tissues related to oxidative damage.

The present research investigated the growth, blood, antioxidant response (liver), AChE (brain and muscle) and Na+/K + ATPase in gills of Clarias batrachus exposed to 0 (control), two insecticides, 1.65 mg L-1 chlorpyrifos (CPF) and 2.14 mg L-1 monocrotophos (MCP) for a fixed interval time of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days and follow up depuration process in fresh water for 30 days (at an interval of 7, 15 and 30 days). The toxicants exposed fish indicated significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gain and HSI. The RBC, Hb, Hct, plasma total protein, glucose, albumin, globulin and respiratory burst activity was reduced. However, WBC, plasma glucose, serum creatinine, and triglycerides were enhanced. The weight gain, HSI and all haematological parameters were reversed following depuration of CPF and MCP exposed fish. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly activated whereas glutathione peroxidase was inhibited in both tested groups. All the antioxidant enzymes were reversed on day 15 in MCP concentration, whereas CPF on day 30 of depuration process. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (brain, muscle) and gill Na+/K + ATPase activities were more in CPF exposure and early recovery in MCP. The results indicated that depuration process might help in detoxification of fish and improve growth, haematological conditions, oxidative stress and AChE, Na+/K + ATPase activity. However, further studies are needed in different fish species with different toxicants to support this strategy of depuration process in order to detoxify polluted fish.

Single and cartel effect of pesticides on biochemical and haematological status of Clarias batrachus: A long-term monitoring.

Pesticide mixtures are common in the streams of agricultural or urban catchments. Individual and cartel toxicity of four different pesticides, namely Endosulfan, Carbofuran, Methyl parathion and Cypermethrin were studied. Sub acute exposure (1/10th of LC50) for 1, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days in Clarias batrachus active tissues such as brain, gills, blood and liver were evaluated. Growth, hepatosomatic index and survival performance were decreased, inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase, gills Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activities, and abnormal behavior are noticed. The characteristics of the blood respiratory burst activity, erythrocyte count, contents of hematocrit and hemoglobin are dwindled. Plasma total proteins and liver glycogen decreased whereas blood glucose and serum creatinine, triglycerides are elevated. The immunological attributes such as white blood cell count was elevated, whereas albumin, globulins and lysozyme activity significantly decreased. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities and lipid peroxidation levels are elevated, whereas glutathione peroxidase and glutathione are reduced. Toxicity effect of pesticides reached to a crest on 30th day and showed a descent thereafter except in endosulfan which mounted its detrimental effect throughout the experimental period. Toxicity trends of the present study are determined to be highest in Mix group followed by cypermethrin, methyl parathion and carbofuran. Indiscriminate application of these chemicals pose a toxic threat to non-target organisms, damage the ecosystems and jeopardizes human health.

The role of vitamin C as antioxidant in protection of biochemical and haematological stress induced by chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus.

The study was conducted to explore the modulatory effects of chlorpyrifos and protective role of vitamin C in tissues of Clarias batrachus. Treatments include E1 group (basal diet plus 1.65mgL(-1) CPF) and E2 group (basal diet+200mgkg body weight vitamin C and 1.65mgL(-1) CPF) along with a control group of fishes (fed on basal diet only). After 1, 7, 15, and 30d of treatment, fish tissues (brain, blood and liver) were used for the estimation of growth, biochemical and haematological parameters. The results of E1 group indicated significantly lower weight gain and survival rate. Brain AChE activity was inhibited. The RBC, Hb, respiratory burst activity, total protein and HSI were also reduced whereas WBC count, plasma glucose and haematocrit were elevated. In contrast, liver glycogen content, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were inhibited and malate dehydrogenase, aspartate, alanine amino transferase were enhanced. The E2 group of fish exhibited significant improvement in growth, survival, haematological indices, brain AChE, liver glycogen and oxidative enzyme activity. The findings support that dietary vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in abrogation of chlorpyrifos toxicity and improves growth, survival, biochemical and haematological conditions in fishes.

Tissue-specific recovery of oxidative and antioxidant effects of chlorpyrifos in the freshwater crab, Barytelphusa guerini.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate widely applied in agriculture and aquaculture, induces oxidative stress due to free-radical generation and changes in the antioxidant defense system. The present study investigated the short-term effect of CPF exposure on the oxidative and antioxidant systems and their recovery responses in metabolically active tissues (gills, hepatopancreas [HP], and leg muscle) of freshwater crab Barytelphusa guerini. Crabs were exposed to a sublethal concentration of CPF (0.07 mg L(-1)) for a total of 8 days (at intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 days) in clean water. The following oxidative stress markers were measured: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butylcholinesterase (BChE), and ATPase; antioxidants i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione reductase (GR), lipid peroxidation (LPO), conjugating enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid content. CPF exposure led to a significant decrease in the activity of oxidative stress markers as follows: AChE (84 %), BChE (46 %), and gills Na(+)/K(+) ATPase (62 %). At the end of the recovery period, enzyme levels were recovered except in leg muscle. Total lipids and SOD decreased; CAT and LPO levels increased; and GPx, GR, and GST showed tissue-specific activities. Maximum recovery was observed in GPx followed by GR in HP tissue of crab. Nevertheless, these responses apparently grant successful adaptation for survival in a pesticide-extreme environment.

Evaluation of the biochemical stress response to chlorpyrifos in tissues of the edible crab Barytelphusa guerini: withdrawal of exposure improves the nutritional value.

The sublethal stress of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos was investigated in different tissues of the freshwater crab (Barytelphusa guerini). Crabs were exposed to 1/3 of LC50 concentrations for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. After 28 days, they were released into fresh water and kept for 18 days for recovery. The study was conducted by estimating total proteins, amino acids, ammonia, urea, and glutamine levels, and protease, transaminases, and phosphatases activities. Total proteins level was decreased whereas amino acids and ammonia were increased. The urea content was decreased in all tissues and glutamine exhibited a mixed response. Protease activities and those of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively, were elevated. Acid phosphatase activity was reduced in hepatopancreas and brain and induced in gills and muscle. Alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced in gills and hepatopancreas and reduced in muscle and brain. The crabs recovered from the biochemical stress caused by chlorpyrifos after their release into fresh water.

Toxic impact of two organophosphate insecticides on biochemical parameters of a food fish and assessment of recovery response.

Sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and monocrotophos (MCP) on fish biochemical constituents were investigated along with the assessment of recovery response after cessation of intoxication. The fish, Clarias batrachus were exposed to 1.656 mg(-l) and 2.114 mg(-l) of CPF and MCP for 28 days. After 28 days, they were released in freshwater and allowed to recover for 21 days. The CPF exposure resulted in the decrease of carbohydrate and glycogen content, whereas MCP intoxication caused mixed response. Pyruvate and lactate contents were altered under the stress of CPF and MCP. Recovery of these alterations was observed after the cessation of toxicity. Exposure of C. batrachus to CPF and MCP resulted in decreased activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the kidney, liver and muscle but its activity increased in the gills. The CPF caused inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase enzyme in all tissues. Induction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase was caused by both insecticides. Glycogen phosphorylase a was induced in all tissues, whereas glycogen phosphorylase ab showed both induction and inhibition. Of the two insecticides, CPF was more toxic and the recovery response was less. These results are important in the assessment of the risk caused by organophosphate insecticides on nontarget organisms, especially the food fish.

In vivo impact of monocrotophos on biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish during subacute toxicity and following cessation of exposure to the insecticide.

In vivo toxicity of monocrotophos on key metabolites and enzymes of the protein metabolism was investigated in important tissues of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Fish were exposed to 1/10 and 1/20 of LC50 concentration for 28 days. After 28 days of exposure, some fish were transferred to monocrotophos-free water and kept in the same for 21 days (recovery period) in order to study the recovery response. Total protein, amino acid, and ammonia contents were decreased in gill, kidney, liver, and muscle tissues, and recovery was slight at the end of 21 days of transfer of fish into freshwater. Urea and glutamine levels were elevated, except in kidneys, and recovered at the end of the recovery period. The activities of protease, transaminase, and phosphatase enzymes were elevated in all tissues during 28 days of exposure and at both concentrations. Recovery of the activity of enzymes was more significant at the lower concentration as compared to the higher concentration.