Population genetic analyses of the AmpFlSTR® NGM™ in Brazil.

Population data of 15 short tandem repeat loci of the AmpFlSTR® next generation multiplex (NGM)™ were obtained from a sample of 835 individuals. The loci are the ten short tandem repeats (STRs) in the SGM Plus® Kit plus the EDNAP- and ENSFI-recommended STRs D10S1248, D22S1045, D2S441, D1S1656, and D12S391. Allele frequency and other forensically relevant statistics data were generated for the NGM loci into five current country macroregions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central West, Southeast, and South). All the analyzed loci meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations and no linkage disequilibrium in all pairs of loci. The observed and expected heterozygosity, power of discrimination, polymorphic information content, and the other population-genetic indices were calculated. The overall power of discrimination was greater than 0.99999999999999999996 and the combined power of exclusion was greater than 0.9999998 in all Brazilian populations. Comparative analysis between populations from different Brazilian macroregions as well as between Brazil and Caucasian, African Americans, and Hispanic US populations are presented.

Forensic analysis of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) mitochondrial DNA sequences: an inter-laboratory study of the GEP-ISFG working group.

A voluntary collaborative exercise aiming at the mitochondrial analysis of canine biological samples was carried out in 2006-2008 by the Non-Human Forensic Genetics Commission of the Spanish and Portuguese Working Group (GEP) of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG). The participating laboratories were asked to sequence two dog samples (one bloodstain and one hair sample) for the mitochondrial D-loop region comprised between positions 15,372 and 16,083 using suggested primers and PCR conditions, and to compare their results against a reference sequence. Twenty-one participating laboratories reported a total of 67.5% concordant results, 15% non-concordant results, and 17.5% no results. The hair sample analysis presented more difficulty to the participants than the bloodstain analysis, with a high percentage (29%) failing to obtain a result. The high level of participation showed the interest of the community in the analysis of dog forensic samples but the results reveal that crucial methodological issues need to be addressed and further training is required in order to respond proficiently to the demands of forensic casework.

Validade e reprodutibilidade da resposta do lactato sanguíneo durante o teste shuttle run em jogadores de futebol / Validity and reproducibility of the blood lactate response during the shuttle run test in soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a validade e a reprodutibilidade do limiar anaeróbio (LAn), determinado com concentração fixa de lactato, durante o shuttle run de 20 metros (20MST) em jogadores de futebol. Os atletas (N = 52) realizaram os seguintes experimentos: 1) teste incremental com estágios de 3 min. na esteira rolante e no 20MST, sendo determinada a intensidade de 3,5 mM de lactato (LAn); 2) teste incremental no 20MST com estágios de 3 min., onde foi determinada a intensidade do LAn e do individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) e 3) teste de campo com 3 tiros de 1200 metros, com intensidades crescentes e dois testes com 3 tiros de 3 minutos no 20MST, com intensidades crescentes, sendo determinado o LAn (4 mM). A velocidade (km/h) do LAn foi significantemente diferente na esteira (14,4 + 0,8) e no 20MST (11,8 + 0,5), sendo, entretanto, significantemente correlacionadas (r = 0,82). As velocidades (km/h) do LAn (11,6 + 0,5) e do IAT (11,8 + 0,6) não foram diferentes e estatisticamente correlacionadas ( r = 0,62). A velocidade do LAn no teste de 1200 metros (14,1 + 0,5 km/h) foi significantemente diferente em relação ao teste (12,1 + 0,9 km/h) e reteste (12,2 + 0,8 km/h) do 20MST, não havendo diferença entre estas últimas. Houve correlação significante entre a velocidade do LAn no teste de 1200 metros e no teste (r = 0,80) e reteste do 20MST (r = 0,77). Do mesmo modo, a correlação entre o teste e reteste do 20MST foi significante (r = 0,94). Os dados deste estudo mostram que o emprego da concentração fixa para determinar o LAn no 20MST, em jogadores de futebol, apresenta uma boa validade e excelente reprodutibilidade.

The objective of this study was to analyze the validity and the reproducibility of the anaerobic threshold (AnT) determined with fixed lactate concentration, during the 20 meter shuttle run test (20MST) in soccer players. The athletes (N = 52) performed the following experiments: 1) incremental test with stages of 3 min in the treadmill and in the 20MST, to determine the intensity corresponding to 3.5 mM of blood lactate (AnT); 2) incremental test in the 20MST with stages of 3 min, where the intensities of the AnT and individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) were determined and; 3) incremental field test with 3 trials of 1200 meters and two incremental tests with 3 trials in the 20MST, to determine the AnT. The speed (km/h) at the AnT was significantly higher in the treadmill (14.4 + 0.8) than in the 20MST (11.8 + 0.5), being however significantly correlated (r = 0.82). The speeds (km/h) at the AnT (11.6 + 0.5) and at the IAT (11.8 + 0.6) were not different and statistically correlated (r = 0.62). The speed at the AnT in the test of 1200 meters (14.1 + 0.5 km/h) was significantly higher than in the test (12.1 + 0.9 km/h) and retest (12.2 + 0.8 km/h) of the 20MST. There was a significant correlation between the speed at the AnT in the test of 1200 meters and the test (r = 0.80) and retest of the 20MST (r = 0.77). In a similar way the correlation between the test and retest of the 20MST was significant (r = 0.94). It can be concluded that the determination of the AnT with fixed concentration during the 20MST in soccer players, presents a good validity and excellent reproducibility.