Mixed dietary pattern is associated with a slower decline of body weight change during postpartum in a cohort of Brazilian women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the effect of dietary patterns on postpartum body weight change (BWC). METHODS: A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with 81 items was applied in 278 women having the first six months after delivery as the time frame. Body weight (BW) was measured at 15 days (baseline) and at 2.6 and 9 months postpartum. Principal components analysis was used to extract the dietary patterns. Linear mixed models were performed having BWC as the outcome and the dietary patterns as independent variables. RESULTS: Two major dietary patterns were identified: healthy and mixed. Energy intake was 2,838 kcal (DP = 624) and 2,233 kcal (DP = 455), for women classified in the highest quartiles of mixed and healthy dietary patterns, respectively. Mean BWC declined -0.151 kg/ month (SE = 0.02) independently of the dietary pattern. Predicted values of BWC among women that have adhered to mixed dietary pattern indicated a lower BWC of 0.830 kg/month (SE = 0.24; p < 0.001) at 6 months and 0.938 kg/month (SE = 0.24; p < 0.001) at 9 months postpartum. CONCLUSION: The mixed dietary pattern was associated with a slower rate of BWC during postpartum, compared the healthy dietary pattern.

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del patrón dietético sobre el cambio de peso corporal (CPC) en el puerperio. Métodos: Se aplicó una Cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos (CFA) con 81 ítemes a 278 mujeres en el marco temporal de los siguientes 6 meses después del parto. El peso corporal (PC) se midió a los 15 días (basal) y a los 2,6 y 9 meses posparto. Se utilizó el análisis de los componentes principales para extraer los patrones dietéticos. Se realizaron modelos lineares mixtos, siendo el CPC el resultado y los patrones dietéticos las variables independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron dos patrones dietéticos principales: saludable y mixto. El consumo de energía fue de 2.838 kcal (DP = 624) y 2.233 kcal (DP = 455), para las mujeres clasificadas en los cuartiles más altos de los patrones dietéticos mixto y saludable, respectivamente. El decremento promedio del CPC fue de -0,151 kg/mes (EE = 0,02) independientemente del patrón dietético. Los valores predictivos del CPC en las mujeres con un patrón dietético mixto indicaron un menor CPC de 0,830 kg/mes (EE = 0,24; p < 0,001) a los 6 meses y de 0,938 kg/mes (EE = 0,24; p < 0,001) a los 9 meses posparto. Conclusión: El patrón dietético mixto se asoció con un ritmo de pérdida de peso más lento durante el puerperio en comparación con el patrón dietético saludable.

Mixed dietary pattern is associated with a slower decline of body weight change during postpartum in a cohort of Brazilian women / Un patrón dietético mixto se asocia con un menor declive en el cambio del peso corporal durante el puerperio en una cohorte de mujeres brasileñas

Objective: The aim was to assess the effect of dietary patterns on postpartum body weight change (BWC).Methods: A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)with 81 items was applied in 278 women having the first six months after delivery as the time frame. Body weight(BW) was measured at 15 days (baseline) and at 2.6 and9 months postpartum. Principal components analysis was used to extract the dietary patterns. Linear mixed models were performed having BWC as the outcome and the dietary patterns as independent variables. Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified: healthy and mixed. Energy intake was 2,838 kcal (DP= 624) and 2,233 kcal (DP = 455), for women classified in the highest quartiles of mixed and healthy dietary patterns, respectively. Mean BWC declined -0.151 kg/month (SE = 0.02) independently of the dietary pattern. Predicted values of BWC among women that have adhered to mixed dietary pattern indicated a lower BWC of 0.830kg/month (SE = 0.24; p < 0.001) at 6 months and 0.938kg/month (SE = 0.24; p < 0.001) at 9 months postpartum. Conclusion: The mixed dietary pattern was associated with a slower rate of BWC during postpartum, compared the healthy dietary pattern (AU)

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del patrón dietético sobre el cambio de peso corporal(CPC) en el puerperio. Métodos: Se aplicó una Cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos (CFA) con 81 ítemes a 278 mujeres en el marco temporal de los siguientes 6 meses después del parto. El peso corporal (PC) se midió a los 15 días (basal) y a los2,6 y 9 meses posparto. Se utilizó el análisis de los componentes principales para extraer los patrones dietéticos. Se realizaron modelos lineares mixtos, siendo el CPC el resultado y los patrones dietéticos las variables independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron dos patrones dietéticos principales: saludable y mixto. El consumo de energía fue de 2.838 kcal (DP = 624) y 2.233 kcal (DP = 455), para las mujeres clasificadas en los cuartiles más altos de los patrones dietéticos mixto y saludable, respectivamente. El decremento promedio del CPC fue de -0,151 kg/mes(EE = 0,02) independientemente del patrón dietético. Los valores predictivos del CPC en las mujeres con un patrón dietético mixto indicaron un menor CPC de 0,830 kg/mes(EE = 0,24; p < 0,001) a los 6 meses y de 0,938 kg/mes (EE= 0,24; p < 0,001) a los 9 meses posparto. Conclusión: El patrón dietético mixto se asoció con un ritmo de pérdida de peso más lento durante el puerperio en comparación con el patrón dietético saludable (AU)

Dietary availability patterns of the Brazilian macro-regions.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have raised concerns about the role of dietary patterns on the risk of chronic diseases and also in the formulation of better informed nutrition policies. OBJECTIVE: The development of a dietary availability patterns according to geographic regions in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: The 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey was conducted in 48,470 households. Dietary availability patterns were identified by Principal Component Analysis using as a unit of analysis the survey's Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) and purchased amounts for 21 food groups. Each of the extracted dietary availability patterns was regressed on socioeconomics categories. RESULTS: There were no differences in dietary availability patterns between urban and rural areas. In all regions, a rice and beans pattern was identified. This pattern explained 15% to 28% of the variance dependent on the region of the country. In South, Southeast and Midwest regions, a mixed pattern including at least 10 food groups explaining 8% to 16% of the variance. In the North region (Amazon forest included) the first pattern was based on fish and nuts and then it was designed as regional pattern. In multiple linear regression the rice and beans pattern was associated with the presence of adolescents in the households, except for North region, whereas the presence of adolescents was associated with the Regional pattern. A mixed patterns were associated with a higher income and education (p < 0.05), except in the South region. CONCLUSION: The rice and beans and regional dietary availability patterns, both considered healthy eating patterns are still important in the country. Brazil has taken many actions to improve nutrition as part of their public health policies, the data of the Household Budget Survey could help to recognize the different food choices in the large regions of the country.

Proposta metodológica para o módulo de consumo alimentar pessoal na pesquisa brasileira de orçamentos familiares / Methodological proposal for the individual food intake module of the Brazilian household budget survey

As alterações que vêm ocorrendo no cenário epidemiológico brasileiro, nas últimas décadas, resultam de profundas modificações sociais e econômicas que incluem, entre outros aspectos, mudanças nos hábitos de alimentação. No Brasil, o único estudo que investigou o consumo alimentar da família com abrangência nacional foi o Estudo Nacional sobre Despesa Familiar, em 1974-1975. Embora sejam de utilidade incontestável, estudos nacionais de consumo alimentar são onerosos e poucos países conseguem desenvolvê-los regularmente. Por outro lado, as pesquisas de orçamentos familiares são importantes fontes de dados de disponibilidade de alimentos no domicílio, a qual é inferida a partir do registro da compra de produtos alimentícios. As recentes modificações nos hábitos de consumo, particularmente, a realização de refeições fora do domicílio constituem limitações para a utilização de dados das pesquisas brasileira de orçamentos familiares como estimativa do consumo alimentar. Assim, o governo brasileiro propôs que a próxima pesquisa de orçamento familiar, a ser desenvolvida em 2008-2009, incluísse um módulo de consumo alimentar individual. As informações sobre o consumo dietético individual serão utilizadas para completar os dados sobre compra de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a construção e o desenvolvimento da metodologia a ser utilizada no módulo de consumo alimentar individual da pesquisa de orçamento familiar 2008-2009. Os dados a serem obtidos serão combinados com as informações de disponibilidade de alimentos no domicílio para estimar o consumo alimentar usual individual.

The changes that have been happening in the Brazilian epidemiological scenario in the last decades result from deep social and economic modifications that include, among other things, changes in dietary habits. In Brazil, the only study that investigated family food consumption nationally was the National Family Expenditure Study done from 1974 to 1975. Although useful, national food consumption studies are expensive and only a few countries can conduct them regularly. Nonetheless, household budget surveys are important sources of data on the availability of food at home determined by records of foods purchased. Recent changes in consumption habits, particularly eating out, limit the use of data from household budget surveys to estimate food intake. Thus, the Brazilian government suggested that the next household budget survey to be done in 2008-2009 include a module on individual food consumption. Information on individual food intake will be used to supplement the data regarding food purchases. The objective of this study is to report the development of the methodology to be used in the module of individual food consumption of the household budget survey of 2008-2009. Budget data will be combined with intake data to estimate the usual individual food consumption.

The burden of hospitalization due to overweight and obesity in Brazil

Os custos de hospitalização associados ao sobrepeso/obesidade e às doenças associadas no Brasil foram estimados utilizando-se os dados das hospitalizações de homens e mulheres de 20 a 60 anos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Unico de Saúde (SIH-SUS) para o ano de 2001. O SUS cobre mais de 70 por cento das hospitalizações. A fração atribuível a hospitalizações associadas com obesidade/sobrepeso ou doenças relacionadas foi estimada com base na combinação dos riscos relativos de coortes americanas e européias. O custo direto total do sobrepeso/obesidade foi estimado pela soma do risco atribuível à população para cada morbidade multiplicada pelo valor de reembolso de cada morbidade. O total de custos foi equivalente a 3,02 por cento dos custos totais de hospitalização em homens e 5,83 por cento em mulheres, correspondendo a 6,8 e 9,3 por cento de todas as hospitalizações (excluindo gestantes). O excesso de peso no Brasil tem um impacto nas hospitalizações e nos custos similar ao observado em países desenvolvidos. Sendo a transição nutricional um processo em andamento no Brasil, o sobrepeso teve maior impacto nos custos do que a obesidade.

This article estimates the burden of hospitalization associated with overweight and obesity in Brazil. The analysis of all hospitalizations for men and women from 20 to 60 years of age was based on the National Healthcare Expenditure Database (SIH-SUS), covering more than 70 percent of all hospital admissions. Data were for the year 2001. Attributable fraction of hospitalizations associated with diseases related to obesity and overweight was based on the combined risks of United States and European cohorts. The population-attributable fraction for each disease studied was multiplied by values reimbursed to the hospitals and summed to obtain total direct costs. Overall costs of overweight and obesity represent 3.02 percent of total hospitalization costs for men and 5.83 percent for women, corresponding to 6.8 and 9.3 percent of all hospitalization (excluding pregnancy). Diseases associated with overweight and obesity had a significant impact on hospitalizations and economic costs in Brazil, and overall percentages were similar to those from developed countries. Since the nutritional transition is still under way in Brazil, overweight had a higher impact than obesity on disease prevalence and costs.

The burden of hospitalization due to overweight and obesity in Brazil.

This article estimates the burden of hospitalization associated with overweight and obesity in Brazil. The analysis of all hospitalizations for men and women from 20 to 60 years of age was based on the National Healthcare Expenditure Database (SIH-SUS), covering more than 70% of all hospital admissions. Data were for the year 2001. Attributable fraction of hospitalizations associated with diseases related to obesity and overweight was based on the combined risks of United States and European cohorts. The population-attributable fraction for each disease studied was multiplied by values reimbursed to the hospitals and summed to obtain total direct costs. Overall costs of overweight and obesity represent 3.02% of total hospitalization costs for men and 5.83% for women, corresponding to 6.8 and 9.3% of all hospitalization (excluding pregnancy). Diseases associated with overweight and obesity had a significant impact on hospitalizations and economic costs in Brazil, and overall percentages were similar to those from developed countries. Since the nutritional transition is still under way in Brazil, overweight had a higher impact than obesity on disease prevalence and costs.

Algumas reflexões sobre o uso público do conhecimento gerado pela Epidemiologia Nutricional / Some reflections on the public use of knowledge generated by Nutritional Epidemiology

A Epidemiologia Nutricional gerou, nas últimas décadas, uma grande quantidade de conhecimentos relacionando doenças específicas com nutrientes. Este artigo visa a mostrar como esse conhecimento da Epidemiologia Nutricional normatiza a dieta e absolutiza a informação, inserindo na socie­ dade conceitos, muitas vezes inadequados, como é o caso da pirâmide alimentar desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos e utilizada em diversos países, entre eles o Brasil. Fatos como este decorrem de uma transposição acrítica de conhecimentos a serem aplicados na Saúde Pública. Ainda neste contexto, a industrialização se apropria de alguns desses conhecimentos e os transfor­ ma em cultura de massa, reorganizando, assim, os hábitos alimentares, independentemente do seu papel na saúde.

In recent decades Nutritional Epidemiology has generated a large amount of knowledge on the relationship between specific diseases and nutrients. This artic1e analyzes how such knowledge from Nutritional Epidemiology standardizes diet and absolutizes information, introducing concepts into society which are often inadequate, as in the case of the food pyramid developed in the United States and utilized in various countries, inc1uding Brazi1. Such facts result from an uncritical transposition of knowledge for use in Public Health. Furthermore, industrialization takes some of this knowledge and turns it into mass culture, thereby reorganizing eating habits, regardless of their role in health.