ABSTRACT
Arboviruses are diseases of worldwide importance in the field of communicable diseases. In Brazil, the reemergence of dengue and the emergence of chikungunya and Zika since 2014 have led to epidemic waves of great magnitude and rapid spread. However, their diffusion patterns vary and change over time. This study analyzes the spatial diffusion of the simultaneous circulation of three arboviruses transmitted by the same vector in a large urban space over two epidemic waves in consecutive years. An ecological study of spatial and temporal aggregates on the occurrence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, from 2014 to 2019, in Feira de Santana, Bahia State, was carried out using data of cases reported to the national surveillance system. Four different methods were used to analyze the spatial diffusion: Kernel Estimation with sequential maps, cumulative nearest-neighbor ratios (NNI) over time, spatial correlograms and local autocorrelation changes (LISA) over time. From 2014-2019, there were 21,723 confirmed cases of arboviruses. The highest incidences were among women (496.9, 220.2, and 91.0 cases/100,000 women for dengue, chikungunya and Zika respectively). By age group, the highest incidences were from ages 10-19 years old (609.3 dengue cases/100,000), from 60 and more (306.7 chikungunya cases/100,000), and from 0-9 years old (124.1 Zika cases/100,000 inhabitants). The temporal distribution demonstrated two epidemic waves of simultaneous circulation in 2014 and 2015. Kernel maps indicate that arboviruses spread to neighboring areas near the first hotspots, suggesting an expansion diffusion pattern. The NNI, spatial correlograms and LISA changes results suggest expansion patterns for the three arboviruses in all periods. The spatial diffusion pattern of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in the 2014-2015 epidemics in Feira de Santana was expansion. These findings are useful to guide prevention measures and reduce occurrence in other areas.
Subject(s)
Arboviruses , Chikungunya Fever , Dengue , Epidemics , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Dengue/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Young Adult , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Causal factors for MetS are not well defined or yet unidentified. Preliminary investigations suggest that infections and inflammation may be involved in the etiology of this syndrome. This study aims to estimate the association between the severity of periodontitis (exposure) and MetS (outcome). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 419 participants recruited from the Diabetes and Hypertensive Treatment Center, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. After administration of a questionnaire, general and oral clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed. Diagnosis of periodontitis and MetS was performed according to various criteria. The analysis of the effect of periodontitis on MetS used logistic regression analysis with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis was found to be between 34.61% and 55.37%, depending on the classification definitions used, and the prevalence of MetS ranged from 60.86% to 67.06%. In the group with periodontitis, 14.08% had severe and 41.29% had moderate levels of periodontitis. There was an association between severe periodontitis and MetS after adjustment for sex, age, household density, alcoholic beverage consumption, smoking habit, and cardiovascular disease (odds ratio ORadjusted_6 = 2.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.01 to 4.40, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that periodontitis is associated with MetS, and that MetS prevalence is related to severe periodontitis.
Subject(s)
Metabolic Syndrome , Periodontitis , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Periodontitis/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
A taxa de incidência da tuberculose na Bahia, embora em declínio, continua a ser muito elevada, e uma das formas graves de sua apresentacào é a meningite tuberculosa. Nestle estudo, comparam-se dados de casos comprovados de meningite tuberculosa em criancas menores de 15 anos com um grupo controle, pareado por idade, formado por indivíduos residentes na mesma área dos casos, e que nào referiram história de meningite ou de doenca neurólogica. Na comparàcao consideraram-se fatores como grau de instrucào dos pais, sua profissào, exposicào ao bacilo no lar e outros. O estudo demonstrou que a nào vacinacào aumenta o risco de contrair a doenca. - risco estimado de 11,7, com um intervalo de confianca entre 4,5 e 30,5, e uma fracào etiológica de 91,4 per cent. com este estudo os autores desejam enfatizar a necessidade de ampliar a cobertura vacinal com BCG intradermica (AU)
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis, Meningeal/therapy , BCG Vaccine/therapy , Health Surveys , BrazilABSTRACT
A taxa de incidência da tuberculose na Bahia, embora em declínio, continua a ser muito elevada, e uma das formas graves de sua apresentacão é a meningite tuberculosa. Nestle estudo, comparam-se dados de casos comprovados de meningite tuberculosa em criancas menores de 15 anos com um grupo controle, pareado por idade, formado por indivíduos residentes na mesma área dos casos, e que não referiram história de meningite ou de doenca neurólogica. Na comparãcao consideraram-se fatores como grau de instrucão dos pais, sua profissão, exposicão ao bacilo no lar e outros. O estudo demonstrou que a não vacinacão aumenta o risco de contrair a doenca. - risco estimado de 11,7, com um intervalo de confianca entre 4,5 e 30,5, e uma fracão etiológica de 91,4 per cent. com este estudo os autores desejam enfatizar a necessidade de ampliar a cobertura vacinal com BCG intradermica (AU)
