ABSTRACT
The use of quality control tool for authentication of Jadwar (Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson), a folk herbal drug used for the treatment of different ailments, was studied. People face problems of adulteration for this drug at global, regional, national and local levels. Two different plant species are commercially marketed in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent under the same trade name of Jadwar. One is D. denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson and the other is Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle. To focus on this problem, a marketable available drug sample of Jadwar was authenticated by using basic microscopy tools (LM) and advanced chemo-taxonomic markers. Authentication, quality and standardization of this drug was achieved using morphology, organoleptography, UV and IR analyses, scanning electron microscopy of pollen and anatomical investigations. The techniques used for authentication marked the clear difference between the studied plants. Microscopic studies, chemotaxonomic investigation and other techniques used in this project provided the basis for the authentication of this species.
Subject(s)
Aconitum , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods , Microscopy/methods , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Aconitum/anatomy & histology , Aconitum/chemistry , Aconitum/classification , Delphinium/anatomy & histology , Delphinium/chemistry , Delphinium/classification , Humans , Plants, Medicinal/anatomy & histology , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Quality Control , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
A new simple, selective, and economical preconcentration method was developed for the determination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in poultry antibiotics and supplements. The proposed preconcentration procedure is based on SPE using 8-hydroxyquinoline and Amberlite IRC-50 resin as complex and adsorbent, respectively. The determination was carried out by microsample injection system (MIS) flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Several analytical parameters were examined, including pH, type of resin, amount of resin, type of eluent, eluent volume, flow rate, sample volume, and interference of diverse ions. Under optimum experimental conditions, LODs and LOQs were 0.017 and 0.055, 0.016 and 0.53, and 0.074 and 0.248 µg/L for Cd, Pb, and Ni, respectively, with RSDs < 2.50%. The accuracy of SPE-MIS-FAAS was successfully tested by the standard addition method, with obtained recoveries >99%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in poultry supplement and antibiotic samples.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Cadmium/analysis , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Lead/analysis , Nickel/analysis , Animals , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Poultry , Solid Phase Extraction , Spectrophotometry, AtomicABSTRACT
Simple and robust analytical procedures were developed for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and lead (Pb(II)) by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using microsample injection system coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (MIS-FAAS). For the current study, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent, and disperser solvent, respectively. The effective variables of developed method have been optimized and studied in detail. The limit of detection of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were 0.037 and 0.054 µg/L, respectively. The enrichment factors in both cases were 400 with 40 mL of initial volumes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) were <4%. The applicability and the accuracy of DLLME were estimated by the analysis of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) in industrial effluent wastewater by standard addition method (recoveries >96%). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at ultratrace levels in natural drinking water and industrial effluents wastewater of Denizli. Moreover, the proposed method was compared with the literature reported method.
